Analysis of the energy source potential of the Polish economy

Abstract

The Polish energy sector is undergoing a dynamic transformation driven by economic growth, climate policy, and the need to ensure long-term energy security. Historically dependent on coal-based generation, Poland is gradually increasing the share of renewable energy sources, particularly photovoltaics and wind power, which have recorded rapid growth in installed capacity and electricity production in recent years. Rising electricity prices, technological innovation and regulatory support have further accelerated this transition. ,However, the variability of renewable energy generation and limitations in energy storage technologies pose significant challenges to grid stability and reliability. In this context, nuclear energy is increasingly considered a strategic component of the future energy mix. Modern nuclear power plants, including advanced fast neutron reactors, offer high energy density, low greenhouse gas emissions and continuous electricity supply. The closed fuel cycle associated with fast neutron reactors significantly enhances fuel efficiency and reduces long-term resource constraints. This paper analyzes the current structure of the Polish energy sector, compares renewable and nuclear energy sources in terms of reliability, cost-effectiveness and environmental impact, and evaluates their role in ensuring sustainable economic development. The results indicate that a diversified energy mix combining renewable sources with nuclear power is essential for maintaining energy security, stabilizing electricity prices and achieving climate goals in Poland.