“Modified Hexablock” and “Modified Tetrablock” – new constructions for protecting abrasive banks of reservoirs from being washed away
Słowa kluczowe:
abrasive banks; brack water stock; shaped blocks; "Modified Hexablock"; "Modified Tetrablock"; reservoirsAbstrakt
The paper presents the results of laboratory studies on new constructions used to protect the abrasive banks of mountain reservoirs from being washed away – the "Modified Hexablock" and "Modified Tetrablock". Their high wave-absorbing ability is established; sustainability is confirmed due to their interdependence; reduction in the height of waves on the slope is proven; and a universal approach to the calculation of the optimal mass of the blocks is given. Currently, there are very few armor units specifically designed to increase their stability by interlocking with adjacent blocks. The "Modified Hexablock" and "Modified Tetrablock" offer a new perspective, suggesting that the stability of armor units can be significantly improved not only by significant weight and effective interlocking, but also by securely interlocking them.
Bibliografia
[1] Bilyay E., Ozbachceci B., Bacanli S., Kiziroğlu G.A., New approach to breakwater design – 2B block, Coastal Engineering 2016, 35, DOI: 10.9753/icce.v35.structures.39.
[2] Iordanishvili I.K., Slope protections with enhanced wave-dissipating capacity for protecting the banks of mountain reservoirs, Energy 2002, 4(24), 166-169.
[3] Iordanishvili I., Kandelaki N., Iremashvili I., Iremashvili A., Iordanisvili A., Kasza P., “Gamma-Block” – a new structure for protecting abrasive shores of water bodies from erosion – short communication, Zeszyty Naukowe Politechniki Częstochowskiej 2024, 180, seria Civil Engineering Science – Budownictwo 30, 46-50, DOI: 10.17512/znb.2024.1.06.
[4] Litvinenko G.I., Strekalov S.S., Calculation of the mass of elements for protecting the slopes of marine coastal structures, Hydrotechnical Construction 2002, 3, 18-222.
[5] Sherenkov I.A., Skladnev M.F., Use of concrete blocks for protecting earthen slopes, Hydrotechnical Construction 1971, 51-54, DOI: 10.1007/BF02378902.
[6] Soares F., Henrigues M.J., Roca C., Concrete block tracking in breakwater models. Conference: FIG Working Week, Helsinki 2017.
[7] Burcharth H.F., Liu Z., Design of Dolos Armour Units. In: B.L. Edge (ed.), Coastal Engineering 1992: Proceedings of the twenty-third international conference, American Society of Civil Engineers 1993, 1053-1066.
[8] The ACCROPODE™ II unit, Concrete Layer Innovations, https://www.concretelayer.com/en/solutions/ technologies/accropode-2.
[9] Smith P.E., Design and specification of marine concrete structures, Marine Concrete Structures 2016, 65-114, DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-08-100081-6.00003-9.
[10] Simpalean A.R., Experimental investigations of core-loc armour units, Thesis submitted to the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Applied Science in Civil Engineering, University of Ottawa, Canada Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering 2019.
[11] Port of Poti, Georgia, Xbloc, https://www.xbloc.com/projects/port-of-poti-georgia. Accessed: 20.11.2025.
[12] A-Jacks® Installation Guide, Contech Engineered Solutions, https://www.conteches.com/media/gevf4e24/a-jacks_installation-guide_gray.pdf.
[13] Broere A., Physical model tests on stability and interlocking of new armour unit CrablockTM, Delft University of Technology 2015.
[14] Natakusumah D.K., Achiari H., Nugroho E.O., Adinata F., Hidayatulloh S., Ishakputra J.A., PentaPod: A new type of concrete armor for coastal protection, Results in Engineering 2024, 22, 102069, DOI: 10.1016/j.rineng.2024.102069.
[15] Iordanishvili I., Iremashvili I., Ujma A., Shurgaya V., Kandelaki N., Iordanishvili K., Modeling procedure of coastal protection shaped blocks with high wave suppressing and interlocking capacity, E3S Web of Conferences 97 2019, 05050, DOI: 10.1051/e3sconf/20199705050.
[16] Iordanishvili K., Iordanisvili I., Iremashvili I., Kandelaki N., Georgian patent “Modified Hexablock”, U 2025 2211 Y.
[17] Iordanishvili K., Iordanisvili I., Iremashvili I., Kandelaki N., Georgian patent “Modified Tetrablock”, U 2025 2210 Y.
[18] Oetjen J., Sundar V., Venkatachalam S., Engel M., Schüttrumpf H., Reicherter K., Sannasiraj S.A., A comprehensive review on structural tsunami countermeasures, Natural Hazards 2022, 113, 1419-1449, DOI: 10.1007/s11069-022-05367-y.
[19] Vieira F., Taveira-Pinto F., Rosa-Santos P., Single-layer cube armoured breakwaters: Critical review and technical challenges, Ocean Engineering 2020, 216, 108042, DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2020.108042.
[20] Gao Q., Wang T., Rubinato M., Liu Z., Zhao X., Luo M., Wave overtopping on a low-crested seawall under extreme waves, Physics of Fluids 2025, 37, 0253592, DOI: 10.1063/5.0253592.
