43
Po
mp
y
,
a
r
ma
t
u
r
a
Thi
s
re
s
earch pre
s
ent
s
O
pen
FO
A
M
c
o
mputati
o
nal fluid d
y
namic
s
(C
F
D
)
s
imulati
o
n
s
u
s
ed t
o
inve
s
tigate fl
ow
phen
o
mena in SuperV
o
rte
x
pump
s
v
o
rte
x
pump
s
equipped
w
ith partial impeller channel
s
hr
o
ud
s
(
w
inglet
s
)
.
The
numerical m
o
del
w
a
s
devel
o
ped u
s
ing the
M
ultiple
R
eference
F
rame
s
(
M
R
F
) appr
o
ach c
o
mbined
w
ith the
R
eali
z
able
k
-
e
turbulence m
o
del,
w
hich pr
o
vided the be
s
t agreement
w
ith e
x
perimental data
w
hile maintaining rea
s
o
nable me
s
h
s
i
z
e
s
.
A
c
o
mprehen
s
ive me
s
h
s
en
s
itivit
y
anal
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
c
o
nducted t
o
determine the
o
ptimal balance bet
w
een accurac
y
and c
o
mputati
o
nal c
o
s
t
.
D
epending
o
n ge
o
metric c
o
mple
x
it
y
, the c
o
mputati
o
nal me
s
h c
o
ntained bet
w
een 8 and 12
milli
o
n element
s
.
The
s
imulati
o
n
s
s
h
ow
ed that
s
hr
o
ud
s
o
n the
s
ucti
o
n
s
ide
o
f the impeller blade
s
s
ignificantl
y
reduced
o
ver-tip lea
k
age bet
w
een impeller channel
s
, thereb
y
enhancing pump perf
o
rmance
.
A
t the
B
e
s
t
E
fficienc
y
P
o
int
(
BE
P), the deviati
o
n fr
o
m e
x
perimental data
w
a
s
particularl
y
l
ow
le
ss
than 1
%
f
o
r head and appr
o
x
imatel
y
0
.
5
1
%
f
o
r efficienc
y.
M
o
del validati
o
n acr
o
ss
the full
o
perating range
y
ielded average deviati
o
n
s
o
f 5
.
8
%
f
o
r head and
8
.
4
%
f
o
r efficienc
y
c
o
mpared t
o
e
x
perimental mea
s
urement
s
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
:
v
o
rte
x
pump,
w
inglet
s
,
O
pen
FO
A
M
,
C
F
D
W niniej
s
z
ej prac
y
pr
z
ed
s
ta
w
i
o
n
o
s
y
mulacje numer
y
c
z
ne pr
z
epł
yw
u (C
F
D
)
wyko
nane
w
pr
o
gramie
O
pen
FO
A
M
,
mające na celu
z
badanie
z
ja
w
i
s
k
pr
z
epł
ywowy
ch
w
p
o
mpach Super-V
o
rte
x
c
z
y
li p
o
mpach
w
ir
owy
ch
o
s
wo
b
o
d-
n
y
m pr
z
epł
yw
ie,
wy
p
o
s
a
ż
o
n
y
ch
w
c
z
ę
ś
ci
ow
e p
ok
r
ywy
k
anał
ów
w
irni
k
a (
w
inglet
s
)
.
M
o
del numer
y
c
z
n
y
o
prac
ow
an
o
z
wyko
r
z
y
s
taniem met
o
d
y
w
ielu u
k
ład
ów
o
dnie
s
ienia (
M
R
F
)
o
ra
z
m
o
delu turbulencji
R
eali
z
able
k
-ε,
k
t
ó
r
y
z
ape
w
nił
najlep
s
z
ą
z
g
o
dn
o
ś
ć
z
dan
y
mi e
k
s
per
y
mentaln
y
mi pr
z
y
z
ach
ow
aniu r
o
z
s
ądn
y
ch r
o
z
miar
ów
s
iat
k
i
o
blic
z
eni
ow
ej
.
Pr
z
e-
pr
ow
ad
z
o
n
o
s
z
c
z
eg
ó
ł
ow
ą anali
z
ę c
z
uł
o
ś
ci
s
iat
k
i
w
celu
ok
re
ś
lenia
o
pt
y
malneg
o
ko
mpr
o
mi
s
u międ
z
y
d
ok
ładn
o
ś
cią
a
ko
s
z
tem
o
blic
z
eni
owy
m
.
W
z
ale
ż
n
o
ś
ci
o
d
z
ł
o
ż
o
n
o
ś
ci ge
o
metrii
s
iat
k
a
o
blic
z
eni
ow
a
z
a
w
ierała
o
d 8 d
o
12 mili
o
n
ów
element
ów.
S
y
mulacje
wyk
a
z
ał
y
,
ż
e
z
a
s
t
o
s
ow
anie
w
inglet
s
o
d
s
tr
o
n
y
ss
a
w
nej ł
o
pate
k
w
irni
k
a
z
nac
z
ąc
o
o
granic
z
a
pr
z
ecie
k
międ
z
yk
anał
owy
p
o
nad ł
o
pat
k
ami, c
o
pr
z
y
c
z
y
nia
s
ię d
o
p
o
pra
wy
wy
dajn
o
ś
ci p
o
mp
y.
W pun
k
cie najlep
s
z
ej
s
pra
w
n
o
ś
ci (
BE
P)
o
dch
y
lenie
o
d dan
y
ch e
k
s
per
y
mentaln
y
ch b
y
ł
o
s
z
c
z
eg
ó
lnie ni
s
k
ie
p
o
ni
ż
ej 1
%
dla p
o
dn
o
s
z
enia
o
ra
z
oko
ł
o
0,5-1
%
dla
s
pra
w
n
o
ś
ci
.
Walidacja m
o
delu
w
pełn
y
m
z
a
k
re
s
ie prac
y
p
o
mp
y
wyk
a
z
ała
ś
rednie
o
dch
y
lenia
r
z
ędu 5,8
%
dla p
o
dn
o
s
z
enia i 8,4
%
dla
s
pra
w
n
o
ś
ci
w
z
ględem
wy
ni
ków
p
o
miar
ów
e
k
s
per
y
mentaln
y
ch
.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
p
o
mpa
w
ir
ow
a
o
s
wo
b
o
dn
y
m pr
z
epł
yw
ie,
w
inglet
y
,
O
pen
FO
A
M
,
C
F
D
O
pe
n
F
OAM
S
i
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
V
a
li
da
t
i
on
of
R
e
s
u
l
ts
fo
r
Vo
r
t
e
x
Pu
mp
s w
i
t
h
W
i
n
g
l
e
ts
S
y
m
u
l
a
c
j
e
w
O
pe
n
F
OAM
i
w
a
li
da
c
j
a
wy
n
i
k
ó
w
d
l
a
p
o
mp
w
i
r
o
wyc
h
o
sw
o
b
o
d
n
y
m
p
r
z
ep
ływ
i
e
z
p
r
z
e
on
am
i
AR
TU
R
M
A
CH
A
LSK
I
DO
I 10
.
36119/15
.
2025
.
9
.
5
P
o
mp
y
,
a
r
ma
t
u
r
a
/
Pu
mp
s
,
f
i
tt
i
n
g
s
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
t
o
Vo
rt
e
x
Pu
mp
s
V
o
rte
x
pump
s
are
s
peciali
z
ed centrifugal
pump
s
de
s
igned f
o
r handling challenging flu-
id
s
c
o
ntaining
s
o
lid particle
s
, fibr
o
u
s
material
s
,
o
r ga
s
inclu
s
i
o
n
s
[
1, 2
].
Their di
s
tinctive de
s
ign
feature
s
s
ignificant clearance bet
w
een the im-
peller and pump ca
s
ing, creating an un
o
b-
s
tructed fl
ow
path fr
o
m inlet t
o
o
utlet
.
The
s
e pump
s
s
erve critical functi
o
n
s
in
vari
o
u
s
indu
s
trie
s
:
l
M
unicipal
w
a
s
te
w
ater management
l
M
ining and mineral pr
o
ce
ss
ing
l
F
oo
d pr
o
ce
ss
ing and agriculture
l
C
o
n
s
tructi
o
n
D
e
s
pite
o
perating at l
ow
er efficienc
y
(30-55
%
) c
o
mpared t
o
c
o
nventi
o
nal cen-
trifugal pump
s
(70-85
%
), their
s
uperi
o
r cl
o
g-
ging re
s
i
s
tance ma
k
e
s
them indi
s
pen
s
able
w
here reliabilit
y
i
s
param
o
unt
[
3, 4
].
A
cc
o
rd-
ing t
o
E
U pr
o
jecti
o
n
s
, the mar
k
et f
o
r v
o
rte
x
pump
s
i
s
e
x
pected t
o
gr
ow
appr
o
x
imatel
y
peller creating
s
tr
o
ng r
o
tati
o
nal fl
ow
in the
18
%
b
y
2030
[
5, 6
].
s
pace bet
w
een impeller and pump ca
s
ing,
The
k
e
y
o
perating principle
o
f v
o
rte
x
generating a pre
ss
ure gradient that tran
s
p
o
rt
s
pump
s
(
F
igure 1) inv
o
lve
s
the
s
emi-
o
pen im- fluid and
s
o
lid
s
thr
o
ugh the v
o
lute
[
7, 8
].
Thi
s
dr in
ż
.
A
rtur
M
achal
s
k
i http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0002-1554-4719
Wr
o
cla
w
Univer
s
it
y
o
f Science and Techn
o
l
o
g
y
, P
o
land,
artur
.
machal
s
k
i
@
p
w
r
.
edu
.
pl
F
i
g
.
1
.
Fr
ee
-
f
l
o
w
p
u
mp
s
:
1 r
ea
r
d
i
sc
of
t
h
e
i
mpe
ll
e
r
,
2
b
l
ade
,
3
f
r
ee
s
pa
c
e
be
tw
ee
n
t
h
e
u
ppe
r
pa
rt
of
t
h
e
b
l
ade
a
n
d
t
h
e
c
a
s
i
n
g
,
4
l
ead
i
n
g
edge
,
5 tr
a
ili
n
g
edge
,
6
hu
b
,
7
a
ct
i
v
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
of
t
h
e
b
l
ade
,
8
pa
ss
i
v
e
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
of
t
h
e
b
l
ade
,
9 s
p
i
r
a
l
c
a
s
i
n
g
Rys
.
1
.
Po
mp
y
o
sw
o
b
o
d
n
y
m
p
r
z
ep
ływ
i
e
:
1 ty
l
n
a
t
a
rc
z
a
w
i
r
n
i
k
a
,
2 ł
o
pa
tk
a
,
3 w
o
l
n
a
p
r
z
e
str
z
e
ń
p
o
m
i
ęd
z
y
g
ó
r
n
ą
c
z
ę
śc
i
ą
ł
o
pa
tk
i
a
o
b
u
d
o
w
ą
,
4 kr
a
w
ęd
ź
n
a
t
a
rc
i
a
,
5 kr
a
w
ęd
ź
s
p
ływ
u
,
6
p
i
a
st
a
,
7
p
o
w
i
e
r
z
c
hn
i
a
c
z
y
nn
a
ł
o
pa
tk
i,
8
p
o
w
i
e
r
z
c
hn
i
a
b
i
e
r
n
a
ł
o
pa
tk
i,
9
o
b
u
d
o
w
a
s
p
i
r
a
l
n
a
indirect energ
y
tran
s
fer mechani
s
m trade
s
efficienc
y
f
o
r
s
uperi
o
r handling
o
f challeng-
ing media
.
The primar
y
de
s
ign challenge lie
s
in bal-
ancing free pa
ss
age f
o
r
s
o
lid handling
w
ith
energ
y
efficienc
y
[
9
].
R
ecent devel
o
pment
s
include the SuperV
o
rte
x
c
o
ncept
w
ith partial
channel
s
hr
o
ud
s
(
w
inglet
s
) aimed at reduc-
ing
o
ver-blade fl
ow
energ
y
l
o
ss
e
s
w
hile
maintaining adequate pa
ss
age
[
10
].
C
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
on
a
l
M
e
t
ho
d
o
l
o
g
y
Numerical
s
imulati
o
n
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed
u
s
ing
O
pen
FO
A
M
t
o
inve
s
tigate fl
ow
behav-
i
o
r in v
o
rte
x
pump
s
equipped
w
ith different
w
inglet c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
.
A
detailed three-di-
men
s
i
o
nal m
o
del
w
a
s
c
o
n
s
tructed, c
o
mpri
s
ing
r
o
tating (impeller) and
s
tati
o
nar
y
(v
o
lute and
pipe
s
ecti
o
n
s
) d
o
main
s
, repre
s
enting reali
s
tic
pump
o
perating c
o
nditi
o
n
s
(
F
igure 2)
.
T
Simplificati
o
n
s
w
ere intr
o
duced t
o
re-
duce ge
o
metric c
o
mple
x
it
y
w
hile pre
s
erving
h
y
draulic accurac
y:
l
The impeller fa
s
tening
s
cre
w
w
a
s
re-
placed b
y
a
s
treamlined fairing
.
l
The clearance bet
w
een the rear impeller
di
s
k
and pump ca
s
ing
w
a
s
o
mitted, a
s
it
mainl
y
affect
s
mechanical rather than
h
y
draulic l
o
ss
e
s
.
I
nlet and
o
utlet pipe
s
, each f
o
ur diame-
ter
s
l
o
ng, en
s
ured full
y
devel
o
ped vel
o
cit
y
pr
o
file
s
and minimi
z
ed b
o
undar
y
c
o
nditi
o
n
effect
s
.
The c
o
mputati
o
nal d
o
main
w
a
s
divided
int
o:
l
A
r
o
tating
z
o
ne c
o
ntaining the impeller
.
l
A
s
tati
o
nar
y
z
o
ne including the v
o
lute
and c
o
nnected pipe
s
.
he interface bet
w
een the
s
e
z
o
ne
s
w
a
s
p
o
s
iti
o
ned near the pump
s
ucti
o
n
s
ide, f
o
l-
l
ow
ing the guidance
o
f Kri
s
ht
o
p et al
.
[
11
]
,
enhancing accurac
y
in pump
s
w
ith large im-
peller-t
o
-ca
s
ing clearance
s
.
A
ll
s
imulati
o
n
s
u
s
ed the
s
tead
y
-
s
tate
M
ul-
tiple
R
eference
F
rame (
M
R
F
) meth
o
d, imple-
mented thr
o
ugh the m
o
dified
MRFSimple-
Foam
s
o
lver,
w
hich i
s
ba
s
ed
o
n the S
I
M
PL
E
alg
o
rithm
.
Thi
s
appr
o
ach capture
s
r
o
tati
o
nal
effect
s
w
ith
o
ut re
s
o
rting t
o
tran
s
ient m
o
deling,
o
ffering a g
oo
d balance bet
w
een accurac
y
and c
o
mputati
o
nal c
o
s
t
.
Water
w
a
s
u
s
ed a
s
the
wo
r
k
ing fluid,
w
ith
44
a den
s
it
y
r
=
998
.
2
k
g/m
3
and d
y
namic
bel
ow
10
.
F
i
g
.
2
.
C
o
mp
u
t
a
t
i
on
a
l
m
o
de
l
of
vo
rt
e
x
p
u
mp
s
ho
w
i
n
g
b
oun
da
r
y c
on
d
i
t
i
on
s
a
n
d
d
o
ma
i
n
d
i
v
i
s
i
on
s
Rys
.
2
.
Mo
de
l
o
b
li
c
z
e
n
i
o
wy
p
o
mp
y w
i
r
o
w
e
j
o
sw
o
b
o
d
n
y
m
p
r
z
ep
ływ
i
e
z
z
a
z
n
a
c
z
on
y
m
i
w
a
r
un
k
am
i
b
r
z
eg
o
wy
m
i
i
p
o
d
z
i
a
ł
em
o
b
s
z
a
r
u
o
b
li
c
z
e
n
i
o
w
eg
o
vi
s
c
o
s
it
y
µ
=
0
.
001003 Pa·
s
.
Wall r
o
ughne
ss
w
a
s
neglected, a
s
it
s
influence i
s
minimal in
v
o
rte
x
pump
s
w
ith
s
ignificant clearance
.
B
o
undar
y
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
:
l
I
nlet
:
Unif
o
rm vel
o
cit
y
, 5
%
turbulence
inten
s
it
y.
l
O
utlet
:
F
i
x
ed
s
tatic pre
ss
ure (0 Pa gauge)
.
l
Ro
tating regi
o
n
:
2890 rpm
.
l
Wall
s
:
N
o
-
s
lip
.
l
I
nterface
:
C
o
n
s
ervative flu
x
interp
o
lati
o
n
.
C
o
nvergence
w
a
s
a
ss
e
ss
ed b
y
s
tabili
z
a-
F
i
g
.
3
.
ti
o
n
o
f t
o
tal pre
ss
ure, fl
ow
rate, and t
o
rque
M
e
s
h
s
e
n
s
i
t
i
v
i
ty
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
dem
on
str
a
t
i
n
g
i
n
de
-
o
ver at lea
s
t 2000 iterati
o
n
s
w
ith re
s
idual
s
pe
n
de
n
c
e
fo
r
h
ead
a
n
d
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
4
Rys
.
3
.
An
a
li
z
a
c
z
u
ł
o
śc
i
s
i
a
tk
i
wyk
a
z
u
j
ą
c
a
n
i
e
-
z
a
l
e
ż
no
ść wy
n
i
k
ó
w wys
o
k
o
śc
i
p
o
d
no
s
z
e
n
i
a
R
e
s
u
l
ts
a
n
d
D
i
sc
u
ss
i
on
i
s
p
r
a
w
no
śc
i
o
d
li
c
z
b
y
e
l
eme
n
t
ó
w s
i
a
tk
i
T
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
Mo
de
l
S
e
l
e
ct
i
on
M
e
s
h
G
e
n
e
r
a
t
i
on
a
n
da
n
d
V
a
li
da
t
i
on
I
n
depe
n
de
n
c
e
S
t
u
d
y
Three
RA
NS turbulence m
o
del
s
w
ere
The c
o
mputati
o
nal grid
w
a
s
generated evaluated
:
Standard
k
e
,
R
eali
z
able
k
e
,
u
s
ing
O
pen
FO
A
M
s
Snapp
y
He
xM
e
s
h utilit
y.
and
k
w
SST
.
The
R
eali
z
able
k
e
m
o
del
I
t c
o
n
s
i
s
ted pred
o
minantl
y
o
f he
x
ahedral dem
o
n
s
trated the be
s
t agreement
w
ith e
x
-
and p
o
l
y
hedral element
s
in central fl
ow
re- perimental data, particularl
y
near the
B
e
s
t
gi
o
n
s
,
w
ith refined tetrahedral and pri
s
matic
E
fficienc
y
P
o
int (
BE
P), a
s
illu
s
trated in
F
ig
.
4
.
la
y
er
s
adjacent t
o
w
all
s
t
o
accuratel
y
capture Thi
s
m
o
del
w
a
s
e
s
peciall
y
advantage
o
u
s
f
o
r
b
o
undar
y
la
y
er effect
s
.
the current applicati
o
n becau
s
e maintaining
A
th
o
r
o
ugh me
s
h
s
en
s
itivit
y
anal
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
y+
value
s
cl
o
s
e t
o
1 thr
o
ugh
o
ut the entire
c
o
nducted t
o
determine me
s
h indepen- d
o
main pr
o
ved challenging
w
ith the c
o
m-
dence, a
ss
e
ss
ing
s
tabilit
y
o
f
k
e
y
perf
o
r- ple
x
pump ge
o
metr
y
w
hen u
s
ing Snapp
y
-
mance parameter
s
(head, efficienc
y
) f
o
r He
xM
e
s
h
.
The
R
eali
z
able
k
e
m
o
del
s
w
all
me
s
he
s
ranging fr
o
m 0
.
5 t
o
14 milli
o
n cell
s
.
functi
o
n
s
pr
o
vided m
o
re c
o
n
s
i
s
tent re
s
ult
s
in
R
e
s
ult
s
w
ere c
o
mpared
w
ith e
x
perimental the
s
e c
o
nditi
o
n
s
c
o
mpared t
o
the
k
w
SST
data
o
btained fr
o
m
o
ur
s
peciali
z
ed te
s
t rig m
o
del,
w
hich t
y
picall
y
require
s
finer near-
[
12
]
, dem
o
n
s
trating that appr
o
x
imatel
y
6
w
all re
s
o
luti
o
n
.
milli
o
n cell
s
achieved me
s
h independence, C
o
mparative anal
y
s
i
s
revealed that the
w
ith relative err
o
r
s
bel
ow
0
.
5
%
f
o
r head and
R
eali
z
able
k
e
m
o
del achieved deviati
o
n
s
appr
o
x
imatel
y
4
%
f
o
r efficienc
y
(
F
igure 3)
.
bel
ow
1
%
f
o
r head and efficienc
y
at
BE
P
F
inal
s
imulati
o
n
s
u
s
ed me
s
he
s
ranging c
o
nditi
o
n
s
,
w
hile Standard
k
e
s
h
ow
ed de-fr
o
m
8
12 milli
o
n cell
s
depending
o
n ge
o
m- viati
o
n
s
o
f appr
o
x
imatel
y
3
.
2
%
f
o
r head and etr
y
c
o
mple
x
it
y
, repre
s
enting a c
o
mpr
o
mi
s
e 4
.
5
%
f
o
r efficienc
y.
The
k
w
SST m
o
del per-
bet
w
een preci
s
i
o
n and c
o
mputati
o
nal eff
o
rt
.
f
o
rmed intermediatel
y
w
ith deviati
o
n
s
o
f
M
e
s
h qualit
y
metric
s
w
ere carefull
y
m
o
ni- 2
.
1
%
f
o
r head and 3
.
2
%
f
o
r efficienc
y.
A
s
t
o
red thr
o
ugh
o
ut the d
o
main t
o
en
s
ure
s
imu-
s
h
ow
n in
F
ig
.
4a, larger di
s
crepancie
s
ap-
lati
o
n
s
tabilit
y
and accurac
y.
The ma
x
imum peared at fl
ow
rate
s
far fr
o
m
o
ptimal p
o
int
s
,
o
rth
o
g
o
nalit
y
w
a
s
maintained bel
ow
75, e
s
peciall
y
at l
ow
fl
ow
s
a c
o
mm
o
n i
ss
ue in
minimum v
o
lume rati
o
w
a
s
k
ept ab
o
ve 0
.
01, C
F
D
pump m
o
deling
.
The efficienc
y
predic-
and ma
x
imum
s
k
e
w
ne
ss
remained under 4, ti
o
n
s
f
o
ll
ow
ed
s
imilar trend
s
(
F
ig
.
4b),
w
ith all
adhering t
o
O
pen
FO
A
M
s
be
s
t practice
s
f
o
r m
o
del
s
s
h
ow
ing greater deviati
o
n at the e
x
-
c
o
mple
x
turb
o
machiner
y
s
imulati
o
n
s
.
treme
s
o
f the
o
perating range
.
o
p
t
o
p
t
o
p
t
o
p
t
o
p
t
F
i
g
.
4
.
C
o
mpa
r
i
s
on
be
tw
ee
n
e
x
pe
r
i
me
n
t
a
l
mea
s
u
r
eme
n
ts
a
n
d
CF
D
p
r
ed
i
ct
i
on
s
u
s
i
n
g
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
e
m
o
de
l
s
:
(
a
)
R
e
l
a
t
i
v
e
h
ead
c
u
r
v
e
s
(
H/H
v
s
.
Q
/
Q
)
;
(
b
)
Eff
i
c
i
e
n
cy c
u
r
v
e
s
(
h
v
s
.
Q
/
Q
)
Rys
.
4
.
Po
r
ó
w
n
a
n
i
e
wy
n
i
k
ó
w
p
o
m
i
a
r
ó
w
e
ks
pe
ry
me
n
t
a
l
n
yc
h
i
p
r
ed
ykc
ji
CF
D
p
r
z
y
u
ż
yc
i
u
r
ó
ż
n
yc
h
m
o
de
li
t
u
r
b
u
l
e
n
c
ji
:
(
a
)
Kr
z
yw
e
w
z
g
l
ęd
n
e
j
wys
o
k
o
śc
i
p
o
d
no
s
z
e
n
i
a
(
H/Hw
z
g
l
ędem
Q
/
Q
)
;
(
b
)
Kr
z
yw
e
s
p
r
a
w
no
śc
i
(
h
w
z
g
l
ędem
Q
/
Q
o
p
t
)
P
45
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
9/2025
Po
mp
y
,
a
r
ma
t
u
r
a
Thi
s
validated numerical m
o
del en
s
ured
accurate predicti
o
n
s
o
f pump perf
o
rmance
w
ithin the rec
o
mmended
o
perating range
(0
.
8
Q
t
o
1
.
2
Q
), pr
o
viding a reliable f
o
unda-
ti
o
n f
o
r anal
y
z
ing fl
ow
phen
o
mena in v
o
rte
x
pump
s
w
ith vari
o
u
s
w
inglet c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
.
G
iven it
s
minimal deviati
o
n at
BE
P and ac-
ceptable accurac
y
acr
o
ss
the range, the
R
e-
ali
z
able
k
e
m
o
del
w
a
s
deemed
s
ufficientl
y
reliable f
o
r further anal
y
s
i
s
.
F
l
o
w
S
t
r
u
ct
u
r
e
An
a
l
ys
i
s
The validated C
F
D
m
o
del revealed
k
e
y
fl
ow
pattern
s
e
x
plaining perf
o
rmance differ-
ence
s
bet
w
een
s
tandard and SuperV
o
rte
x
impeller
s
.
T
wo
repre
s
entative ca
s
e
s
w
ere
anal
y
z
ed
:
the reference impeller
w
ith
o
ut
w
inglet
s
and the
o
ptimi
z
ed impeller
w
ith
s
uc-
ti
o
n
s
ide
w
inglet
s
.
I
n the reference impeller
w
ith
o
ut
w
inglet
s
(
F
ig
.
5), fluid fl
ow
s
s
ub
s
tantiall
y
o
ver blade
tip
s
fr
o
m pre
ss
ure t
o
s
ucti
o
n
s
ide
o
f adjacent
channel
s
.
Thi
s
cr
o
ss
-channel lea
k
age cau
s
e
s
s
ignificant energ
y
l
o
ss
e
s
a
s
dem
o
n
s
trated b
y
G
erlach
[
14
]
, re
s
ulting in reduced head gen-
erati
o
n and l
ow
er h
y
draulic efficienc
y.
The impeller
w
ith
s
ucti
o
n
s
ide
w
inglet
s
(
F
ig
.
6) effectivel
y
reduce
s
thi
s
cr
o
ss
-channel
fl
ow
, directing m
o
re energ
y
int
o
u
s
eful
wo
r
k.
The
w
inglet
s
create a partial barrier that
guide
s
fl
ow
thr
o
ugh the intended path
w
hile
maintaining adequate clearance f
o
r
s
o
lid
particle
s
, intercepting lea
k
age fl
ow
w
ith
o
ut
c
o
mpr
o
mi
s
ing the pump
s
s
o
lid-handling ca-
pabilitie
s
.
Q
uantitative anal
y
s
i
s
c
o
nfirmed thi
s
o
b-
s
ervati
o
n
.
The internal fl
ow
c
o
efficient (rati
o
o
f pump
o
utlet fl
ow
t
o
impeller
o
utlet fl
ow
)
increa
s
ed fr
o
m 39
.
2
%
f
o
r the reference im-
peller t
o
52
.
6
%
f
o
r the
o
ptimi
z
ed
w
inglet
de
s
ign, indicating reduced recirculati
o
n l
o
ss
-
e
s
.
Pre
ss
ure
s
ide
w
inglet
s
pr
o
ved ineffective
(36
.
1
%
),
w
hile dual-
s
ided
w
inglet
s
s
h
ow
ed
o
nl
y
m
o
derate impr
o
vement (42
.
8
%
)
.
The
s
e fl
ow
s
tructure
s
align
w
ith the
o
reti-
cal de
s
cripti
o
n
s
in literature
[
13, 14, 10
]
,
c
o
nfirming that
s
ucti
o
n
s
ide
w
inglet
s
pr
o
vide
the
o
ptimal balance bet
w
een maintaining
s
o
lid-handling capabilitie
s
w
hile mitigating
efficienc
y
di
s
advantage
s
inherent t
o
v
o
rte
x
pump de
s
ign
s
.
C
on
c
l
u
s
i
on
s
Thi
s
s
tud
y
dem
o
n
s
trated that
O
pen-
FO
A
M
pr
o
vide
s
an effective frame
wo
r
k
f
o
r
s
imulating c
o
mple
x
fl
ow
phen
o
mena in v
o
r-
te
x
pump
s
w
ith
w
inglet
s
.
The f
o
ll
ow
ing c
o
n-
clu
s
i
o
n
s
can be dra
w
n
:
1
.
The
R
eali
z
able
k
e
turbulence m
o
del
achieved
s
ufficient accurac
y
f
o
r captur-
ing the d
o
minant v
o
rtical
s
tructure
s
in
SuperV
o
rte
x
pump
s
,
w
ith deviati
o
n
s
be-
l
ow
1
%
f
o
r head and efficienc
y
at
BE
P
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
2
.
M
e
s
h
s
en
s
itivit
y
anal
y
s
i
s
e
s
tabli
s
hed that
appr
o
x
imatel
y
8-12 milli
o
n element
s
pr
o
vide an
o
ptimal balance bet
w
een
c
o
mputati
o
nal c
o
s
t and
s
o
luti
o
n accura-
c
y
,
w
ith relative err
o
r
s
s
tabili
z
ing bel
ow
0
.
5
%
f
o
r head and appr
o
x
imatel
y
4
%
f
o
r efficienc
y.
3
.
Stead
y
-
s
tate
M
R
F
s
imulati
o
n
s
pr
o
ved
adequate f
o
r c
o
mparative anal
y
s
i
s
,
th
o
ugh tran
s
ient appr
o
ache
s
c
o
uld
o
ffer
higher fidelit
y
f
o
r time-dependent phe-
n
o
mena a
s
n
o
ted b
y
Kri
s
ht
o
p et al
.
[
11
].
4
.
Q
uantitative fl
ow
anal
y
s
i
s
c
o
nfirmed e
x
-
perimental finding
s
, revealing that the
internal fl
ow
c
o
efficient (rati
o
o
f pump
o
utlet fl
ow
t
o
impeller
o
utlet fl
ow
) in-
crea
s
ed fr
o
m 39
.
2
%
f
o
r the reference
impeller t
o
52
.
6
%
f
o
r the
o
ptimi
z
ed
s
uc-
ti
o
n-
s
ide
w
inglet de
s
ign
.
5
.
F
l
ow
vi
s
uali
z
ati
o
n
s
clearl
y
dem
o
n
s
trated
that
w
inglet
s
o
n the
s
ucti
o
n
s
ide effec-
tivel
y
reduce cr
o
ss
-channel fl
ow
,
w
hile
pre
ss
ure-
s
ide
w
inglet
s
pr
o
ved ineffective
(36
.
1
%
internal fl
ow
c
o
efficient) and
dual-
s
ided
w
inglet
s
s
h
ow
ed
o
nl
y
m
o
der-
ate impr
o
vement (42
.
8
%
)
.
The devel
o
ped numerical meth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
pr
o
vide
s
a reliable f
o
undati
o
n f
o
r future
o
pti-
mi
z
ati
o
n
s
tudie
s
.
P
o
tential directi
o
n
s
f
o
r future
wo
r
k
include
:
(1) tran
s
ient
s
imulati
o
n
s
t
o
capture time-dependent v
o
rtical
s
tructure
s
,
(2) integrati
o
n
o
f aut
o
matic
o
ptimi
z
ati
o
n al-
g
o
rithm
s
f
o
r
w
inglet ge
o
metr
y
, (3) e
x
ten
s
i
o
n
t
o
t
wo
-pha
s
e fl
ow
m
o
deling f
o
r reali
s
tic
s
o
l-
id-liquid mi
x
ture
s
, and (4) inve
s
tigati
o
n
o
f
s
cale effect
s
f
o
r indu
s
trial applicati
o
n
s
.
The
pre
s
ent
wo
r
k
c
o
nfirm
s
that c
o
mputati
o
nal ap-
pr
o
ache
s
can effectivel
y
guide the de
s
ign
o
f
m
o
re efficient v
o
rte
x
pump
s
w
hile maintain-
ing their critical
s
o
lid-handling capabilitie
s
.
B
I
B
L
I
O
G
R
A
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a
z
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i
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z
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pł
ywowy
ch
z
ach
o
d
z
ąc
y
ch
w
p
o
mpie
o
s
wo
-
b
o
dn
y
m pr
z
epł
yw
ie
z
pr
z
e
s
ł
o
ną c
z
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ülich, J
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o
mp
y
i u
k
ład
y
p
o
mp
o
-
w
e
o
blic
z
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je
k
t
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anie
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nic-
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M
udga, S
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et al
.:
E
ner l
o
t 28
pump
s
f
o
r priva-
te and public
w
a
s
te
w
ater and f
o
r fluid
s
w
ith
high
s
o
lid
s
c
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Technical rep
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el
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t 29
pump
s
f
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r private
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imming p
oo
l
s
, p
o
nd
s
, f
o
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ow
al
ow
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o
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x
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.
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üt
s
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ie arbeit
s
w
ei
s
e v
o
n frei
s
tr
o
mpum-
pen
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w
ei
z
eri
s
che
B
au
z
eitung (1968)
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o
mmi
ss
i
o
n
R
egulati
o
n (
E
U) N
o
547/2012
o
f
25 June 2012 implementing
D
irective
2009/125/
E
C
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean Parliament
and
o
f the C
o
uncil
w
ith regard t
o
ec
o
de
s
ign
requirement
s
f
o
r
w
ater pump
s
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f the
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ur
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,
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ai, L
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.:
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imu-
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n
o
f and e
x
perimental re
s
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o
n
o
ptimum
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o
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u
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a
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o
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K
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s
ky
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A.:
Numerical
A
ppr
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ach f
o
r Simula-
ti
o
n
o
f
F
luid
F
l
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o
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y
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z
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.
,
B
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o
ń
s
k
i,
D.:
Ex
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s
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o
n
influence
o
f
w
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s
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o
n v
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o
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Ph
y
s
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d
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.
U
.
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.
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.
B
.:
D
e
s
ign parameter
s
o
f v
o
rte
x
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s
:
a meta-anal
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i
s
o
f e
x
perimental
s
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E
ner-
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[
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I
nfluence
o
f
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mpeller
D
e
s
ign
s
o
n the Perf
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o
f a V
o
rte
x
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.
B
erlin
(2018)
n
F
i
g
.
5
.
S
tr
eam
li
n
e
s
i
n
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
i
mpe
ll
e
r w
i
t
hou
t w
i
n
g
l
e
ts
Rys
.
5
.
L
i
n
i
e
p
r
ąd
u
w w
i
r
n
i
-
k
u
r
e
f
e
r
e
n
cy
j
n
y
m
be
z
w
i
n
-
g
l
e
t
ó
w
F
i
g
.
6
.
S
tr
eam
li
n
e
s
i
n
i
mpe
ll
e
r
w
i
t
h
s
u
ct
i
on
s
i
de
w
i
n
g
l
e
ts
Rys
.
6
.
L
i
n
i
e
p
r
ąd
u
w w
i
r
n
i
-
k
u
z
w
i
n
g
l
e
t
am
i
p
o
str
on
i
e
ss
a
w
n
e
j