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ANNA
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I
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,
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TA
KU
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O
ANNA
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Y
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ARS
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A
KOKO
T
,
ANNA L
E
M
PART RAPAC
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W
IC
Z
D
O
I
:
10
.
17512/
I
NST
AL.
2026
.
08
.
06
Public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
are characteri
z
ed b
y
high
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith techn
o
l
o
gical pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
s
uch a
s
filter bac
kw
a
s
hing, p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al, and c
o
mpen
s
ati
o
n
o
f
o
perati
o
nal
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
.
T
o
reduce the c
o
n-
s
umpti
o
n
o
f p
o
table
w
ater and minimi
z
e techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charge, membrane-ba
s
ed
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
-
tem
s
are increa
s
ingl
y
implemented
.
Thi
s
s
tud
y
pre
s
ent
s
an
o
perati
o
nal anal
y
s
i
s
and c
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f the
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
implemented at three public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
(SP1, SP2, and SP3),
w
hich differ in techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
n-
figurati
o
n, membrane t
y
pe, and integrati
o
n
w
ith
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater treatment
s
y
s
tem
s
.
The re
s
earch included
anal
y
s
i
s
o
f technical d
o
cumentati
o
n,
o
n-
s
ite in
s
pecti
o
n
s
, and evaluati
o
n
o
f
o
perati
o
nal parameter
s
related t
o
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
and c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
.
The re
s
ult
s
c
o
nfirmed the high effectivene
ss
o
f membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
in reducing p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n and techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charge
.
I
n facilit
y
SP1, the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem c
o
vered appr
o
x
i-
matel
y
91
.
7
%
o
f the
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter bac
kw
a
s
hing,
w
herea
s
in facilitie
s
SP2 and SP3, the rec
o
ver
y
capacit
y
e
x
ceeded the facilitie
s
’ techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater demand
.
M
embrane f
o
uling, particularl
y
in
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
c
o
ntaining
s
urfactant
s
, c
o
s
metic
s
, and
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
,
w
a
s
identified a
s
the main
o
perati
o
nal limitati
o
n
.
The re
s
ult
s
indicate that membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
c
o
n
s
titute an effective
s
o
luti
o
n
s
upp
o
rting
s
u
s
tainable
w
ater management
in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
H
ow
ever, their l
o
ng-term
o
perati
o
nal efficienc
y
s
tr
o
ngl
y
depend
s
o
n appr
o
priate
w
a
s
te-
w
ater
s
tream
s
electi
o
n, effective pre-treatment, and
o
ptimi
z
ati
o
n
o
f membrane cleaning
s
trategie
s
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
:
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
, membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
,
w
ater reu
s
e, membrane f
o
uling,
s
u
s
tainable
s
w
imming p
oo
l
management
O
bie
k
t
y
ba
s
en
ow
e chara
k
ter
y
z
ują
s
ię
wy
s
ok
im
z
u
ż
y
ciem
wo
d
y
z
w
ią
z
an
y
m
z
pr
o
ce
s
ami techn
o
l
o
gic
z
n
y
mi, ta
k
imi ja
k
płu
k
anie
z
ł
ó
ż
filtrac
y
jn
y
ch,
o
d
ś
w
ie
ż
anie
wo
d
y
ba
s
en
ow
ej
o
ra
z
u
z
upełnianie
s
trat e
k
s
pl
o
atac
y
jn
y
ch
.
W celu
o
granic
z
e-
nia
z
u
ż
y
cia
wo
d
y
wo
d
o
ciąg
ow
ej
o
ra
z
il
o
ś
ci
ś
cie
ków
techn
o
l
o
gic
z
n
y
ch c
o
ra
z
c
z
ę
ś
ciej
w
dra
ż
ane
s
ą
s
y
s
tem
y
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
wo
d
y
wyko
r
z
y
s
tujące techn
o
l
o
gie membran
ow
e
.
W prac
y
pr
z
ed
s
ta
w
i
o
n
o
anali
z
ę e
k
s
pl
o
atac
y
jną i p
o
r
ów
nanie
s
y
s
te-
m
ów
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
wo
d
y
w
dr
o
ż
o
n
y
ch
w
tr
z
ech public
z
n
y
ch
o
bie
k
tach ba
s
en
owy
ch (SP1, SP2 i SP3), r
ó
ż
niąc
y
ch
s
ię
ko
nfi-
guracją techn
o
l
o
gic
z
ną, r
o
d
z
ajem membran
o
ra
z
s
p
o
s
o
bem integracji
z
u
k
ładem u
z
datniania
wo
d
y
ba
s
en
ow
ej
.
B
adania
o
bejm
ow
ał
y
anali
z
ę d
ok
umentacji technic
z
nej,
w
i
z
je l
ok
alne
o
ra
z
o
cenę parametr
ów
e
k
s
pl
o
atac
y
jn
y
ch
z
w
ią
z
an
y
ch
z
o
d
z
y
s
k
iem i
z
u
ż
y
ciem
wo
d
y.
U
z
y
s
k
ane
wy
ni
k
i p
o
t
w
ierd
z
ił
y
wy
s
ok
ą
s
k
utec
z
n
o
ś
ć techn
o
l
o
gii membran
o
-
wy
ch
w
o
granic
z
aniu
z
u
ż
y
cia
wo
d
y
wo
d
o
ciąg
ow
ej
o
ra
z
redu
k
cji il
o
ś
ci
ś
cie
ków
techn
o
l
o
gic
z
n
y
ch
.
W
o
bie
k
cie SP1
s
y
s
tem
o
d
z
y
s
k
u p
ok
r
yw
ał
oko
ł
o
91,7
%
z
ap
o
tr
z
eb
ow
ania na
wo
dę d
o
płu
k
ania
z
ł
ó
ż
filtr
ów
, nat
o
mia
s
t
w
o
bie
k
tach SP2
i SP3
z
d
o
ln
o
ś
ć
o
d
z
y
s
k
u pr
z
e
k
rac
z
ała
z
ap
o
tr
z
eb
ow
anie techn
o
l
o
gic
z
ne t
y
ch
o
bie
k
t
ów.
Naj
w
a
ż
niej
s
z
y
m pr
o
blemem
e
k
s
pl
o
atac
y
jn
y
m
ok
a
z
ał
s
ię f
o
uling membran
owy
,
s
z
c
z
eg
ó
lnie
w
pr
z
y
pad
k
u
ś
cie
ków
z
a
w
ierając
y
ch
s
urfa
k
tant
y
,
ko
s
met
yk
i i
z
w
ią
z
k
i
o
rganic
z
ne
.
W
y
ni
k
i anali
z
y
w
s
k
a
z
ują,
ż
e techn
o
l
o
gie membran
ow
e
s
tan
ow
ią
s
k
utec
z
ne r
o
z
w
ią
z
a-
nie
w
s
pierające
z
r
ów
n
ow
a
ż
o
ną g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
ę
wo
dną
w
o
bie
k
tach ba
s
en
owy
ch, jedna
k
ich efe
k
t
yw
n
o
ś
ć
z
ale
ż
y
o
d
w
ła
ś
ci
w
eg
o
d
o
b
o
ru
s
trumieni
ś
cie
ków
,
o
dp
ow
iednieg
o
pr
z
y
g
o
t
ow
ania
wo
d
y
o
ra
z
o
pt
y
mali
z
acji pr
o
ce
s
ów
c
z
y
s
z
c
z
e-
nia membran
.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
ba
s
en
y
, techn
o
l
o
gie membran
ow
e,
o
d
z
y
s
k
wo
d
y
, f
o
uling membran
owy
,
z
r
ów
n
ow
a
ż
o
ne
z
ar
z
ąd
z
anie
o
bie
k
tami ba
s
en
owy
mi
A
nna
M
i
k
a
1
,
2
O
R
C
I
D:
0009-0007-7733-039
X
,
E
d
y
ta Kudle
k
-T
y
m
o
s
z
u
k
1
O
R
C
I
D:
0000-0003-0068-1996, J
o
anna W
y
c
z
ar
s
k
a-K
oko
t
1
O
R
C
I
D:
0000-0002-2284-8542,
A
nna Lempart-
R
apace
w
ic
z
3
,
2
O
R
C
I
D:
0000-0002-7524-1277; 1)
D
epartment
o
f Water and Wa
s
te
w
ater
E
ngineering,
F
acult
y
o
f
E
nerg
y
and
E
nvir
o
nmental
E
ngineering, Sile
s
ian Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y
, 18 K
o
nar
s
k
ieg
o
St
.
, 44-100
G
li
w
ice, P
o
land;
2) Tran
s
c
o
m Sp
.
z
o.o.
, 5 J
ó
z
ef
ow
s
k
a St
.
, 40-144, Kat
ow
ice, P
o
land; 3)
F
acult
y
o
f
M
aterial
s
, Civil and
E
nvir
o
nmental
E
ngineering, Univer
s
it
y
o
f
B
iel
s
ko
-
B
iała, 2 Will
ow
a St
.
, 43-309
B
iel
s
ko
-
B
iała, P
o
land; C
o
rre
s
p
o
nding auth
o
r e-mail
:
anna
.
mi
k
a-
s
hal
y
ha
@
p
o
l
s
l
.
pl
748/2026in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
no
w
e
/
S
w
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
i
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
s
D
ata zgło
s
zenia: 29.05.2026.
D
ata p
r
z
y
jęcia: 25.07.2026.
D
ata publi
k
acji: 26.08.2026.
75
in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
8/2026
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
The public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
bel
o
ng t
o
the gr
o
up
o
f building
s
characteri-
z
ed b
y
a high inten
s
it
y
o
f
w
ater and energ
y
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
[
1-3
].
Sanitar
y
requirement
s
related t
o
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater qualit
y
, the
need t
o
maintain
s
table ph
y
s
ic
o
chemical
and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical parameter
s
, and the
need t
o
en
s
ure adequate u
s
er c
o
mf
o
rt re
s
ult
in c
o
ntinu
o
u
s
treatment and replacement
o
f
s
ignificant
w
ater v
o
lume
s
[
4, 5
].
M
o
dern
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
c
o
n
s
titute c
o
mple
x
techn
o
l
o
gical
s
y
s
tem
s
in
w
hich
w
ater and
w
a
s
te
w
ater management pla
y
s
a
k
e
y
r
o
le
fr
o
m
o
perati
o
nal, ec
o
n
o
mic, and envir
o
n-
mental per
s
pective
s
[
6, 7
].
Water
c
o
n
s
ump-ti
o
n in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
i
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith d
o
me
s
tic and
s
anitar
y
purp
o
s
e
s
, inclu-ding
s
h
ow
er
s
,
s
anitar
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
s
, cle-aning pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
, and
catering
s
ervice
s
, a
s
w
ell a
s
w
ith
techn
o
l
o
gical pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
directl
y
related t
o
the
o
perati
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater
treatment
s
y
s
tem
s
.
The primar
y
s
o
ur-ce
s
o
f
techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n inc-lude
bac
kw
a
s
hing
o
f filter bed
s
, peri
o
dic p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al required b
y
s
anitar
y
regulati
o
n
s
, c
o
mpen
s
ati
o
n f
o
r
o
perati
o
nal
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
, and
w
ater demand f
o
r mea
s
u-
rement
s
y
s
tem
s
and au
x
iliar
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
s
.
A
s
ignificant
o
perati
o
nal i
ss
ue i
s
w
ater l
o
ss
re
s
ulting fr
o
m evap
o
rati
o
n fr
o
m the
w
ater
s
urface,
w
ater
s
pla
s
hing b
y
u
s
er
s
,
w
ater
carried
o
ut
o
n the human b
o
d
y
, and the
o
perati
o
n
o
f
w
ater attracti
o
n
s
and
o
verfl
ow
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, c
o
n
s
iderable v
o
lume
s
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater are generated
during filter bac
kw
a
s
hing, f
oo
t paddling
p
oo
l
s
and
w
ater refre
s
hing
.
I
n facilitie
s
w
ith
o
ut
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
, the entire
v
o
lume
o
f bac
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
ater i
s
di
s
char-
ged int
o
the
s
anitar
y
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem, re
s
ulting
in high c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
o
f p
o
table
w
ater, incre-
a
s
ed l
o
ad
o
n the
s
e
w
age infra
s
tructure, and
increa
s
ed
o
perati
o
nal c
o
s
t
s
[
1, 8
].
T
o
reduce
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n and
impr
o
ve envir
o
nmental perf
o
rmance,
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
and recirculati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
are
increa
s
ingl
y
implemented in
s
w
imming p
oo
l
facilitie
s
[
9, 10
].
M
embrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
pla
y
a particularl
y
imp
o
rtant r
o
le in the
s
e
s
y
s
tem
s
, enabling the
s
eparati
o
n
o
f
s
u
s
pen-
ded
s
o
lid
s
,
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
, and
s
elec-
ted micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical c
o
ntaminant
s
fr
o
m bac-
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
ater
.
The membrane pr
o
ce
s
-
s
e
s
m
o
s
t c
o
mm
o
nl
y
applied in
s
w
imming
p
oo
l
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
include micr
o
-
filtrati
o
n (
MF
) and ultrafiltrati
o
n (U
F
),
o
pera-
ting either independentl
y
o
r in h
y
brid c
o
nfi-
gurati
o
n
s
c
o
mbined
w
ith additi
o
nal di
s
in-
fecti
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
[
11-13
].
M
embrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
enable high
treatment efficienc
y
and
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
rate
s
o
f appr
o
x
imatel
y
80-90
%
,
w
hile
s
imultane
o
u
s
l
y
reducing p
o
table
w
ater
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n and
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charge
v
o
lume
s
.
H
ow
ever, the
o
perati
o
nal perf
o
r-
mance
o
f membrane in
s
tallati
o
n
s
depend
s
o
n numer
o
u
s
fact
o
r
s
, including the
qualitati-ve c
o
mp
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f the bac
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
a-ter, the h
y
draulic l
o
ading
o
f the
membrane, the frequenc
y
o
f cleaning, the
s
u
s
ceptibilit
y
t
o
membrane f
o
uling, and the
effectivene
ss
o
f pre-treatment pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
[
14-17
].
A
n additi
o
nal
o
perati
o
nal pr
o
blem
inv
o
lve
s
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith peri
o
-
dic membrane cleaning and c
o
ncentrate
di
s
charge int
o
the
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem
.
D
e
s
pite the
increa
s
ing implementati
o
n
o
f membrane
techn
o
l
o
gie
s
in
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater
management
s
y
s
tem
s
, a
s
ignificant re
s
earch
gap
s
till e
x
i
s
t
s
regarding the actual
o
pera-
ti
o
nal perf
o
rmance
o
f the
s
e in
s
tallati
o
n
s
.
The available
s
tudie
s
mainl
y
f
o
cu
s
o
n lab
o
-
rat
o
r
y
o
r indu
s
trial applicati
o
n
s
[
18-23
]
,
w
hile anal
y
s
e
s
o
f the l
o
ng-term
o
perati
o
n
o
f
membrane
s
y
s
tem
s
in real public
s
w
imming
p
oo
l facilitie
s
remain limited
.
I
n particular,
there i
s
a lac
k
o
f c
o
mparative
s
tudie
s
that
addre
ss
different techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigura-
ti
o
n
s
, membrane
o
perati
o
nal
s
tabilit
y
,imple-
mentati
o
n challenge
s
, and the practical
effectivene
ss
o
f membrane-ba
s
ed
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
o
perating in public
s
w
im-
ming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
The aim
o
f thi
s
s
tud
y
i
s
t
o
c
o
nduct an
o
perati
o
nal anal
y
s
i
s
and c
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f
membrane ba
s
ed
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
applied in
s
elected public
s
w
imming p
oo
l
facilitie
s
.
The
s
c
o
pe
o
f the
s
tud
y
include
s
the
evaluati
o
n
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
o
f
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
, the evaluati
o
n
o
f
o
perating parameter
s
and c
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f
techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
o
f
w
ater rec
o
-
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
, a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
p
o
tential,identificati
o
n
o
f
o
perati
o
nal chal-
lenge
s
, and anal
y
s
i
s
o
f the practical appli-
cabilit
y
o
f membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
in public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
Unli
k
e previ
o
u
s
s
tu-
die
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n membrane f
o
uling mecha-
ni
s
m
s
[
24
]
o
r
w
a
s
te
w
ater management fr
o
m
a circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
per
s
pective
[
25
]
, the
pre
s
ent
wo
r
k
pr
o
vide
s
a c
o
mparative a
ss
e
s
-
s
ment
o
f different full-
s
cale membrane rec
o
-
ver
y
s
y
s
tem c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
implemented in
public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
Particular
attenti
o
n i
s
given t
o
techn
o
l
o
gical de
s
ign,
o
perati
o
nal e
x
perience, implementati
o
n
challenge
s
, and the practical applicabilit
y
o
f membrane ba
s
ed
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
-
tem
s
.
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
a
n
d
me
t
ho
d
s
The
s
tud
y
w
a
s
c
o
nducted thr
o
ugh ana-
l
y
s
i
s
o
f real full-
s
cale membrane in
s
tallati
o
n
s
o
perating at three public
s
w
imming p
oo
l
facilitie
s
, de
s
ignated SP1, SP2, and SP3
.
The ad
o
pted meth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
had an imple-
mentati
o
n
o
riented and
o
perati
o
nal charac-
ter and
w
a
s
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n evaluating the per-
f
o
rmance and effectivene
ss
o
f
w
ater rec
o
-
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
under real
o
perating
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt b
o
th techn
o
-
l
o
gical a
s
pect
s
and practical
o
perati
o
nal
c
o
n
s
traint
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith their applicati
o
n
.
The re
s
earch appr
o
ach
w
a
s
ba
s
ed
o
n
the ca
s
e
s
tud
y
meth
o
d, inv
o
lving facilitie
s
that
differ in techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n,
w
ater
management
s
trategie
s
, and integrati
o
n
o
f
membrane
s
y
s
tem
s
int
o
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater
treatment in
s
tallati
o
n
s
.
The inve
s
tigati
o
n
s
c
o
n-
ducted included an a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f the
applied de
s
ign
s
o
luti
o
n
s
, an anal
y
s
i
s
o
f
membrane techn
o
l
o
g
y
implementati
o
n, and
an evaluati
o
n
o
f
s
y
s
tem
o
perati
o
n under real
o
perating c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
I
n additi
o
n, techn
o
l
o
gi-
cal and
o
perati
o
nal limitati
o
n
s
w
ere identi-
fied, and the practical efficienc
y
o
f
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
and reu
s
e
w
a
s
a
ss
e
ss
ed
.
I
n the fir
s
t
s
tage
o
f the
s
tud
y
, a detailed
anal
y
s
i
s
o
f the technical, techn
o
l
o
gical, and
o
perati
o
nal d
o
cumentati
o
n
o
f the inve
s
tiga-
ted facilitie
s
w
a
s
perf
o
rmed
.
The anal
y
s
i
s
included techn
o
l
o
gical fl
ow
diagram
s
, mem-
brane
s
y
s
tem de
s
ign parameter
s
, h
y
draulic
c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
o
f
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
unit
s
, inte-
grati
o
n meth
o
d
s
f
o
r membrane in
s
tallati
o
n
s
w
ith e
x
i
s
ting
w
ater treatment
s
y
s
tem
s
, and
a
ss
umpti
o
n
s
regarding the recirculati
o
n and
reu
s
e
o
f rec
o
vered techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n the c
o
llected d
o
cumentati
o
n, diffe-
rence
s
bet
w
een the applied techn
o
l
o
gical
s
o
luti
o
n
s
w
ere identified, t
o
gether
w
ith the
de
s
ign a
ss
umpti
o
n
s
ad
o
pted during the
implementati
o
n
s
tage
o
f the
s
y
s
tem
s
.
The ne
x
t
s
tage inv
o
lved
o
n-
s
ite in
s
pec-
ti
o
n
s
and direct
o
b
s
ervati
o
n
o
f the
o
perati
o
n
o
f the membrane
s
y
s
tem under real
o
pera-
ting c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
D
uring field inve
s
tigati
o
n
s
,
the
o
rgani
z
ati
o
n
o
f
w
ater management
w
ithin the facilitie
s
, the
o
perati
o
nal
s
trate-
gie
s
o
f the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
, and the actual
wo
r
k
ing c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
f the membrane in
s
tal-
lati
o
n
s
w
ere evaluated
.
Particular attenti
o
n
w
a
s
paid t
o
o
perati
o
nal a
s
pect
s
s
uch a
s
h
y
draulic
s
tabilit
y
o
f the
s
y
s
tem
s
, frequenc
y
o
f membrane cleaning and bac
kw
a
s
hing
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
,
o
perati
o
nal reliabilit
y
, mainte-
nance requirement
s
, and degree
o
f integra-
ti
o
n bet
w
een rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
and the
remaining element
s
o
f p
oo
l
w
ater treatment
techn
o
l
o
g
y.
The
o
b
s
ervati
o
n
s
c
o
nducted
enabled identificati
o
n
o
f di
s
crepancie
s
bet
w
een de
s
ign a
ss
umpti
o
n
s
and actual
o
perati
o
nal practice
.
A
n imp
o
rtant part
o
f the meth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
w
a
s
the anal
y
s
i
s
o
f
o
perati
o
nal data
o
bta-
ined fr
o
m the inve
s
tigated facilitie
s
.
The ana-
l
y
s
i
s
included parameter
s
related t
o
the
w
ater balance
o
f the
s
y
s
tem
s
, including fre
s
h
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n, the v
o
lume
o
f generated
bac
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
ater, the techn
o
l
o
gical
efficienc
y
o
f
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
, and variabilit
y
o
f
o
perati
o
nal parameter
s
o
ver time
.
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
now
e
768/2026in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
I
The frequenc
y
and inten
s
it
y
o
f membrane
cleaning pr
o
cedure
s
, the appearance
o
f
membrane f
o
uling behavi
o
ur, and the influ-
ence
o
f
o
perating c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
n the
s
tabilit
y
o
f the
s
y
s
tem
w
ere al
s
o
evaluated
.
The
o
perati
o
nal data c
o
n
s
tituted the ba
s
i
s
f
o
r a
ss
e
ss
ing the effectivene
ss
o
f rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
and determining their actual p
o
ten-
tial t
o
reduce p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
and minimi
s
e the di
s
charge
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater
.
T
o
c
o
mpare the capacit
y
o
f the rec
o
ve-
r
y
s
y
s
tem
s
w
ith the
w
ater demand a
ss
o
cia-
ted
w
ith filter bac
kw
a
s
hing, annual
w
ater
demand value
s
w
ere e
s
timated u
s
ing
o
pe-
rati
o
nal data and engineering calculati
o
n
s
.
The frequenc
y
o
f filter bac
kw
a
s
hing
w
a
s
determined u
s
ing hi
s
t
o
rical data
o
btained
fr
o
m the
B
uilding
M
anagement S
y
s
tem
(
BM
S) and verified thr
o
ugh c
o
n
s
ultati
o
n
s
w
ith facilit
y
o
perat
o
r
s
.
The v
o
lume
o
f
w
ater
u
s
ed during individual bac
kw
a
s
hing event
s
w
a
s
e
s
timated ba
s
ed
o
n mea
s
ured bac-
kw
a
s
h durati
o
n
s
, pump capacitie
s
, and filter
s
urface area
s
.
The re
s
ulting annual demand
value
s
w
ere
s
ub
s
equentl
y
c
o
mpared
w
ith
the n
o
minal rec
o
ver
y
capacitie
s
o
f the ana-
l
y
s
ed in
s
tallati
o
n
s
.
Theref
o
re, the pre
s
ented
demand-c
o
verage indicat
o
r
s
s
h
o
uld be
interpreted a
s
e
s
timate
s
ba
s
ed
o
n
o
perati
o
-
nal
o
b
s
ervati
o
n
s
and engineering calcula-
ti
o
n
s
rather than value
s
derived fr
o
m a c
o
m-
plete l
o
ng-term
w
ater balance
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n the anal
y
s
i
s
and
o
b
s
ervati
o
n
s
,
the main
o
perati
o
nal i
ss
ue
s
related t
o
mem-
brane in
s
tallati
o
n
s
in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
w
ere identified
.
Particular attenti
o
n
w
a
s
paid
t
o
the membrane f
o
uling mechani
s
m, the
influence
o
f the qualit
y
and c
o
mp
o
s
iti
o
n
o
n
the membrane pr
o
ce
ss
, the nece
ss
it
y
o
f
peri
o
dic cleaning pr
o
cedure
s
, and limitati
o
n
s
re
s
ulting fr
o
m the techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n
o
f the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Thi
s
enabled the
a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f actual implementati
o
n barrier
s
and the identificati
o
n
o
f fact
o
r
s
that affect the
durabilit
y
,
o
perati
o
nal
s
tabilit
y
, and efficien-
c
y
o
f membrane
s
y
s
tem
s
.
The anal
y
s
i
s
o
f re
s
ult
s
w
a
s
perf
o
rmed
u
s
ing a c
o
mparative appr
o
ach, ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt difference
s
in the techn
o
l
o
gical
c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
o
f the inve
s
tigated membra-
ne
s
y
s
tem
s
, the var
y
ing
o
perati
o
nal c
o
ndi-
ti
o
n
s
o
f the anal
y
z
ed facilitie
s
, and
s
ea
s
o
nal
variabilit
y
o
f the
o
perati
o
nal parameter
s
.
The interpretati
o
n
o
f re
s
ult
s
w
a
s
carried
o
ut
primaril
y
in the c
o
nte
x
t
o
f the practical
applicabilit
y
o
f membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
in
w
ater management
s
y
s
tem
s
o
f public
s
w
im-
ming p
oo
l facilitie
s
,
w
ith particular empha
s
i
s
o
n implementati
o
n efficienc
y
,
o
perati
o
nal
limitati
o
n
s
, and p
o
tential
o
ptimi
z
ati
o
n
s
tra-
tegie
s
f
o
r
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
C
h
a
r
a
ct
e
r
i
st
i
cs
of
i
mp
l
eme
n
t
ed
r
e
c
ov
e
ry syst
em
s
I
n SP1, a
s
ingle-
s
tage techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem ba
s
ed
o
n PV
D
F
membrane
s
w
a
s
implemented f
o
r the treat-
ment
o
f the bac
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
ater genera-
ted during the p
oo
l filter bac
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
-
ce
ss
e
s
.
The
s
y
s
tem
w
a
s
integrated int
o
the
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater treatment in
s
tallati
o
n
and
o
perate
s
in a cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p c
o
nfigura-
ti
o
n, enabling the reu
s
e
o
f rec
o
vered
w
ater
f
o
r techn
o
l
o
gical purp
o
s
e
s
.
The n
o
minal
capacit
y
o
f the membrane
s
tati
o
n i
s
15 m³/h
.
The membrane in
s
tallati
o
n
w
a
s
equipped
w
ith f
o
ur K
o
ch PU
R
O
N®
M
P
ultrafiltrati
o
n m
o
dule
s
ba
s
ed
o
n p
o
l
y
e
s
ter--
reinf
o
rced PV
D
F
braided h
o
ll
ow
-fiber
membrane
s
o
perating in an
o
ut
s
ide-in c
o
n-
figurati
o
n
.
The n
o
minal membrane p
o
re
s
i
z
e
w
a
s
0
.
03
µ
m, and the t
o
tal active membra-
ne area am
o
unted t
o
204 m²
.
The bac-
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
ater generated during filter
bac
kw
a
s
hing i
s
directed t
o
a
s
edimentati
o
n
tan
k
,
w
here preliminar
y
s
eparati
o
n
o
f
s
u
s
pended
s
o
lid
s
and
s
ludge
s
edimentati
o
n
ta
k
e
s
place
.
The
s
ettled
s
ludge i
s
di
s
charged
int
o
the
s
anitar
y
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem,
w
hile the
s
upernatant
w
ater i
s
pumped t
o
a vacuum
filtrati
o
n unit equipped
w
ith
A
FM
(
A
ctivated
F
ilter
M
edia) gla
ss
media,
w
hich
s
erve
s
a
s
a pretreatment
s
tage f
o
r reducing
s
u
s
pen-
ded
s
o
lid
s
pri
o
r t
o
the membrane pr
o
ce
ss
.
I
t
s
h
o
uld be n
o
ted that the
A
FM
filter c
o
n
s
ti-
tuted a pretreatment unit
w
ithin the
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
.
The bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater
treated in the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
o
riginated
fr
o
m the main
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater treat-
ment
s
y
s
tem,
w
hich i
s
ba
s
ed
o
n pre
ss
ure
s
and filter
s
.
F
o
ll
ow
ing
A
FM
filtrati
o
n, the tre-
ated
s
tream i
s
directed t
o
a buffer tan
k
re
s
p
o
n
s
ible f
o
r h
y
draulic equali
s
ati
o
n and
s
tabili
z
ati
o
n
o
f the membrane
s
y
s
tem
.
Sub
s
equentl
y
, the
w
ater i
s
s
upplied t
o
a
s
in-
gle-
s
tage membrane in
s
tallati
o
n equipped
w
ith PV
D
F
membrane
s
.
The membrane pr
o
-
ce
ss
pr
o
vide
s
the final p
o
li
s
hing
o
f the tech-
n
o
l
o
gical
w
ater
s
tream and enable
s
the
rem
o
val
o
f fine
s
u
s
pended particle
s
and
s
elected micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical c
o
ntaminant
s
.
The rec
o
vered
w
ater
o
btained after mem-
brane treatment i
s
di
s
infected b
y
chl
o
rine
di
o
x
ide (Cl
O
) d
o
s
ing and
s
ub
s
equentl
y
s
t
o
red in a reclaimed
w
ater tan
k.
The rec
o
-
vered
w
ater i
s
then reu
s
ed f
o
r
s
w
imming
p
oo
l filter bac
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
, c
o
ntribu-
ting t
o
a reducti
o
n in p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n-
s
umpti
o
n and minimi
z
ing the v
o
lume
o
f
techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charged int
o
the
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem
.
The implemented c
o
nfigu-
rati
o
n repre
s
ent
s
a h
y
brid
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem that c
o
mbine
s
s
edimentati
o
n, granu-
lar media filtrati
o
n, and membrane
s
epara-
ti
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
t
o
enhance
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
efficienc
y
and
s
tabili
z
e the qualit
y
parame-
ter
s
o
f the techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater
s
tream
.
F
igure 1 pre
s
ent
s
a
s
implified bl
o
c
k
dia-
gram
o
f the
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem applied
in SP1 facilit
y.
F
ig
.
1
.
Scheme
o
f the
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem in SP1 (
s
edimentati
o
n,
A
FM
filtrati
o
n,
and
s
ingle-
s
tage PV
D
F
membrane filtrati
o
n)
Ry
s
.
1
.
Schemat
s
y
s
temu
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
wo
d
y
w
SP1
(
s
ed
y
mentacja, filtracja
A
FM
i jedn
o
s
t
o
pni
ow
a filtracja membran
ow
a PV
D
F
)
in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl8/202677
I
n SP2, a t
wo
-
s
tage
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
-
tem ba
s
ed
o
n PV
D
F
ultrafiltrati
o
n
membra-ne
s
w
a
s
implemented f
o
r the
treatment and reu
s
e
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater genera-ted during
s
w
imming p
oo
l
o
perati
o
n
.
The
membrane in
s
tallati
o
n
o
perate
s
w
ith a
n
o
minal capacit
y
o
f 12 m³/h and
w
a
s
inte-
grated int
o
the
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater treat-
ment
s
y
s
tem in a cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p c
o
nfigurati
o
n
.
B
ac
kw
a
s
h
w
a
s
te
w
ater generated
during the p
oo
l filter bac
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
s
-
s
e
s
i
s
directed t
o
a
s
edimentati
o
n tan
k.
I
n additi
o
n, rain
w
ater c
o
llected fr
o
m the
r
oo
f drainage
s
y
s
tem i
s
intr
o
duced int
o
the
bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater tan
k
, increa
s
ing the v
o
lu-
me
o
f
w
ater available f
o
r rec
o
ver
y
and
reducing the facilit
y
’
s
demand f
o
r p
o
table
w
ater
.
The
s
ettled
s
ludge i
s
di
s
charged int
o
the
s
anitar
y
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem,
w
herea
s
the
s
upernatant
s
tream i
s
pumped int
o
a vacu-
um filter equipped
w
ith
A
FM
gla
ss
media
pri
o
r t
o
membrane treatment
.
F
o
ll
ow
ing
A
FM
filtrati
o
n, the treated
s
tream i
s
directed
t
o
a buffer tan
k
t
o
s
tabili
s
e the h
y
draulic
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
f the membrane in
s
tallati
o
n
.
The buffer tan
k
additi
o
nall
y
receive
s
s
w
im-
ming p
oo
l ma
k
e-up
w
ater re
s
ulting fr
o
m
mandat
o
r
y
p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al required b
y
s
anitar
y
regulati
o
n
s
.
The v
o
lume
o
f
w
ater
intr
o
duced int
o
the
s
y
s
tem i
s
c
o
ntr
o
lled
ba
s
ed
o
n the number
o
f u
s
er
s
entering the
p
oo
l facilit
y
and in acc
o
rdance
w
ith the
applicable nati
o
nal
s
anitar
y
regulati
o
n
s
g
o
verning the
o
perati
o
n
o
f the public
s
w
im-
ming p
oo
l
.
The pretreated
w
ater i
s
s
ub
s
equ-
entl
y
s
upplied t
o
the ultrafiltrati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
c
o
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f
s
i
x
K
o
ch PU
R
O
N®
M
P mem-
brane m
o
dule
s
arranged in t
wo
treatment
line
s
, each c
o
ntaining three membrane
m
o
dule
s
.
The m
o
dule
s
w
ere ba
s
ed
o
n PV
D
F
braided h
o
ll
ow
-fiber membrane
s
o
perating
in an
o
ut
s
ide-in filtrati
o
n m
o
de
w
ith a n
o
mi-
nal p
o
re
s
i
z
e
o
f 0
.
03
µ
m
.
The t
o
tal active
membrane area of the in
s
tallation
w
a
s
306 m²
.
The ultrafiltrati
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
pr
o
vide
s
a final
p
o
li
s
hing
o
f the rec
o
vered
w
ater
s
tream and
s
tabili
z
ati
o
n
o
f it
s
ph
y
s
ic
o
chemical and
micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical qualit
y
parameter
s
.
R
ec
o
vered
w
ater
o
btained after the ultrafil-
trati
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
i
s
di
s
infected b
y
chl
o
rine di
o
-
x
ide (Cl
O
) d
o
s
ing and
s
t
o
red in a recla-
imed
w
ater tan
k.
The treated
w
ater i
s
then
reu
s
ed f
o
r the bac
kw
a
s
hing
o
f the p
oo
l filter
and repleni
s
hing
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
in the p
oo
l
.
The techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n
o
f the
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tallati
o
n and it
s
integra-
ti
o
n int
o
the
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater treatment
s
y
s
tem are pre
s
ented in
F
igure 2
.
The techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n imple-
mented in SP3
w
a
s
ba
s
ed
o
n a h
y
brid
membrane rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem integrating
ceramic membrane filtrati
o
n and PV
D
F
ultrafiltrati
o
n
.
The pretreatment
s
tage
o
f the
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem remained identical t
o
that
u
s
ed in SP2 and included
s
edimentati
o
n
and
A
FM
gla
ss
media filtrati
o
n pri
o
r t
o
membrane treatment
.
Similarl
y
t
o
SP2, the
in
s
tallati
o
n
o
perate
s
in a cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p c
o
nfi-
gurati
o
n and include
s
rain
w
ater harve
s
ting,
a
s
w
ell a
s
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al
s
tream
s
w
ithin the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
.
The main
difference bet
w
een SP3 and SP2 i
s
the
applicati
o
n
o
f a ceramic membrane
s
y
s
tem
a
s
the fir
s
t
s
tage
o
f membrane
s
eparati
o
n
.
The ceramic
s
tage c
o
n
s
i
s
ted
o
f eight
SiC
B
l
o
x
™
F
X
s
ilic
o
n carbide (SiC) flat-
s
heet
membrane m
o
dule
s
o
perating in an
o
ut-t
o
--
in filtrati
o
n m
o
de
w
ith a n
o
minal p
o
re
s
i
z
e
o
f 0
.
1
µ
m and a t
o
tal membrane area
o
f
55
.
2 m²
.
The
s
ec
o
nd treatment
s
tage c
o
n
s
i-
s
ted
o
f three K
o
ch PU
R
O
N®
M
P ultrafiltra-
ti
o
n m
o
dule
s
ba
s
ed
o
n PV
D
F
braided h
o
l-
l
ow
-fiber membrane
s
w
ith a n
o
minal p
o
re
s
i
z
e
o
f 0
.
03
µ
m and a t
o
tal membrane area
o
f 153 m²
.
C
o
n
s
equentl
y
, the t
o
tal membra-
ne area
o
f the SP3 rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem am
o
un-
ted t
o
208
.
2 m²
.
F
ig
.
2
.
Scheme
o
f the
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem in SP2
integrated
w
ith the p
oo
l
w
ater
treatment in
s
tallati
o
n, including
rain
w
ater harve
s
ting
and t
wo
-
s
tage PV
D
F
ultrafiltrati
o
n
Ry
s
.
2
.
Schemat
s
y
s
temu
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
wo
d
y
w
SP2
z
integr
ow
aneg
o
z
in
s
talacją u
z
datniania
wo
d
y
ba
s
en
ow
ej,
o
bejmująceg
o
wyko
r
z
y
s
tanie
wó
d
o
pad
owy
ch
o
ra
z
d
w
u
s
t
o
pni
ow
ą
ultrafiltrację PV
D
F
F
ig
.
3
.
Scheme
o
f the
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem in SP3
empl
oy
ing ceramic
membrane
s
a
s
the 1
s
t-
s
tage
and PV
D
F
membrane
s
a
s
the 2nd-
s
tage
o
f U
F
Ry
s
.
3
.
Schemat
s
y
s
temu
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
wo
d
y
w
SP3
z
z
a
s
t
o
s
ow
aniem
membran ceramic
z
n
y
ch
w
1 etapie
o
ra
z
membran
PV
D
F
w
2 etapie U
F
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
now
e
788/2026in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
I
The ceramic membrane
s
tage pr
o
vide
s
higher mechanical and chemical re
s
i
s
tance,
enabling
o
perati
o
n under increa
s
ed c
o
nta-
minant l
o
ading and m
o
re inten
s
ive cleaning
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
F
o
ll
ow
ing membrane treatment,
the rec
o
vered
w
ater i
s
di
s
infected b
y
chl
o
ri-
ne di
o
x
ide (Cl
O
) d
o
s
ing and reu
s
ed f
o
r
techn
o
l
o
gical purp
o
s
e
s
w
ithin the
s
w
imming
p
oo
l facilit
y.
The techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n
o
f the
SP3
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem and it
s
integra-
ti
o
n int
o
the p
oo
l
w
ater treatment in
s
tallati
o
n
are pre
s
ented in
F
igure 3
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
The c
o
nducted anal
y
s
e
s
enabled evalu-
ati
o
n
o
f the applied techn
o
l
o
gical
s
o
luti
o
n
s
and a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f the impact
o
f membrane
s
y
s
tem
s
o
n reducing p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n-
s
umpti
o
n and minimi
z
ing the v
o
lume
o
f
techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charged int
o
the
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem
.
W
a
t
e
r
r
e
c
ov
e
r
y
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
a
n
d
c
ov
e
r
age
of
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
w
a
t
e
r
dema
n
d
A
nal
y
s
i
s
o
f the three inve
s
tigated
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
dem
o
n
s
trated
s
ignificant
difference
s
in
w
ater demand,
w
a
s
te
w
ater
generati
o
n, and
o
perati
o
nal efficienc
y
bet
w
een the anal
y
z
ed facilitie
s
.
The highe
s
t
techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater demand
w
a
s
o
b
s
erved
in facilit
y
SP1, characteri
z
ed b
y
a large
s
ca-
le
w
ater treatment in
s
tallati
o
n and inten
s
ive
o
perati
o
nal l
o
ad a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith high vi
s
it
o
r
capacit
y
t
y
pical
o
f aquapar
k
t
y
pe facilitie
s
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n
o
perati
o
nal data fr
o
m the
B
uilding
M
anagement S
y
s
tem (
BM
S), c
o
n
s
ultati
o
n
s
w
ith facilit
y
o
perat
o
r
s
, and calculati
o
n
s
o
f
bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater v
o
lume
s
u
s
ing bac
kw
a
s
h
durati
o
n, pump capacit
y
, and filtrati
o
n
s
ur-
face area, the annual
w
ater demand
f
o
r filter bac
kw
a
s
hing in SP1
w
a
s
e
s
timated
at appr
o
x
imatel
y
128,900 m³/
y
ear
.
C
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f thi
s
value
w
ith the n
o
minal
pr
o
ducti
o
n capacit
y
o
f the rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tal-
lati
o
n indicate
s
that the
s
y
s
tem ha
s
the
p
o
tential t
o
c
o
ver appr
o
x
imatel
y
91
.
7
%
o
f
the
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter
bac
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
Thi
s
indicate
s
a
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
efficienc
y
e
x
ceeding
90
%
, dem
o
n
s
trating a
s
ub
s
tantial reducti
o
n
in p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n and techn
o
-
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charge de
s
pite the
facilit
y
’
s
ver
y
high h
y
draulic l
o
ad
.
I
n c
o
n-
tra
s
t, at facilitie
s
SP2 and SP3, the ma
x
imum
pr
o
ducti
o
n capacit
y
o
f the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
e
x
ceeded the annual techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater
demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter bac
kw
a
s
hing
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
Thi
s
indicate
s
that the rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
s
w
ere capable
o
f full
y
c
o
vering
the demand f
o
r techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater requ-
ired f
o
r filter bac
kw
a
s
hing and pr
o
vided an
additi
o
nal
o
perati
o
nal re
s
erve capacit
y.
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
in medium
s
i
z
ed
The ma
x
imum annual rec
o
ver
y
capacit
y
o
f public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
H
ow
ever,
the implemented t
wo
-
s
tage membrane
s
y
s
- thi
s
c
o
nclu
s
i
o
n refer
s
s
pecificall
y
t
o
filter
tem
s
w
a
s
higher than the techn
o
l
o
gical bac
kw
a
s
hing
w
ater demand and
s
h
o
uld
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter bac- n
o
t be interpreted a
s
c
o
vering the t
o
tal
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
, indicating that the techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater demand
o
f the facili-
rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
s
w
ere capable
o
f full
y
tie
s
.
I
n the ca
s
e
o
f SP2 and SP3, the inte-
c
o
vering the
o
perati
o
nal demand f
o
r tech- grati
o
n
o
f additi
o
nal
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
,
n
o
l
o
gical
w
ater u
s
ed in filter bac
kw
a
s
hing including rain
w
ater harve
s
ting and p
oo
l
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
[
26
].
w
ater rene
w
al
s
tream
s
, further increa
s
ed
The
o
btained re
s
ult
s
clearl
y
dem
o
n
s
tra- the
o
perati
o
nal p
o
tential
o
f the rec
o
ver
y
te that appr
o
priatel
y
de
s
igned membrane
s
y
s
tem
s
and impr
o
ved the
o
verall
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
utili
z
ing high qualit
y
management efficienc
y
o
f the facilitie
s
.
membrane
s
eparati
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
c
o
mbi-
I
t
s
h
o
uld be n
o
ted that the c
o
mpari
s
o
n per-
ned
w
ith chl
o
rine di
o
x
ide (Cl
O
) di
s
infec- f
o
rmed in thi
s
s
tud
y
relate
s
e
x
clu
s
ivel
y
t
o
ti
o
n can full
y
s
ati
s
f
y
the techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter bac-
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter bac-
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
Table 1
.
C
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
and
o
perati
o
nal parameter
s
o
f
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
in SP1, SP2, and SP3
Tabela 1
.
P
o
r
ów
nanie
ko
nfiguracji techn
o
l
o
gic
z
n
y
ch i parametr
ów
e
k
s
pl
o
atac
y
jn
y
ch
s
y
s
tem
ów
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
wo
d
y
w
SP1, SP2 i SP3
M
ain
s
w
imming p
oo
l filtrati
o
n
s
y
s
tem
Pre
ss
ure
s
and filter
s
Vacuum activated gla
ss
bed filter
s
Vacuum activated gla
ss
bed
filter
s
Q
uantit
y
44 pc
s
.
6 pc
s
.
6 pc
s
.
R
ec
o
ver
y
s
tati
o
n pretreatment
1
P
a
r
ame
t
e
r
S
P
1
)
S
P
2
2
)
S
P
3
range
S
w
imming p
oo
l filter
s
diameter
650-2800 mm1600-2600 mm1600-2600 mm
A
nnual
w
a
s
hing
s
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n128 900 m³/
y
ear6 967 m³/
y
ear7659,2 m³/
y
ear
s
tati
o
n
T
y
pe
o
f rec
o
ver
y
s
tati
o
n
Single-
s
tage rec
o
ver
y
T
wo
-
s
tage rec
o
ver
y
s
tati
o
nT
wo
-
s
tage rec
o
ver
y
s
tati
o
n
A
FM
gla
ss
media
A
FM
gla
ss
media
A
FM
gla
ss
media
filtrati
o
n filtrati
o
n filtrati
o
n
15 m
N
o
minal capacit
y
o
f the
w
ater
333
rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
/h12 m /h12 m /h
rec
o
ver
y
capact
y
M
a
x
imum dail
y
i
w
ater
324 m
3
/d259,2 m
3
/d244,8 m
3
/d
benefit
Es
timated annual ec
o
n
o
mic
410 600
E
U
R
/
y
ear
3
)
310 500
E
U
R
/
y
ear
4
)
293 300
E
U
R
/
y
ear
4
)
capacit
y
M
a
x
imum annual rec
o
ver
y
118 260 m³/
y
ear94 608 m³/
y
ear89 352 m³/
y
ear
T
y
pe
o
f membrane
s
PV
D
F
PV
D
F
+
PV
D
F
SiC
+
PV
D
F
S
o
luti
o
n
s
M
embrane
s
upplier
K
o
ch Separati
o
n
K
o
ch Separati
o
n S
o
luti
o
n
s
K
o
ch Separati
o
n S
o
luti
o
n
s
M
embrane m
o
delPU
R
O
N®
M
PPU
R
O
N®
M
PSiC
B
l
o
x
™
F
X
+
PU
R
O
N®
M
P
U
F
F
lat-
s
heet ceramic U
F
+
M
embrane t
y
pe
B
raided h
o
ll
ow
-fiber
B
raided h
o
ll
ow
-fiber U
F
braided h
o
ll
ow
-fiber U
F
F
iltrati
o
n m
o
de
O
ut
s
ide-in
O
ut
s
ide-in
O
ut-t
o
-in
+
o
ut
s
ide-in
N
o
minal p
o
re
s
i
z
e0,03
µ
m0,03
µ
m0,1
+
0,03
µ
m
Number
o
f membrane
s
tage
s
122
m
o
dule
s
Number
o
f membrane
4
×
PU
R
O
N®
M
P2
×
3 PU
R
O
N®
M
P
8
×
SiC
B
l
o
x
™
F
X
+
3
×
PU
R
O
N®
M
P
M
embrane area per m
o
dule51 m²51 m²
6
.
9 m² (SiC
B
l
o
x
™
F
X
);
51 m² (PU
R
O
N®
M
P)
T
o
tal membrane area204 m²306 m²208,2 m²
rain
w
ater, p
oo
l
w
aterrain
w
ater, p
oo
l
w
ater
T
y
pe
o
f rec
y
cled
w
a
s
te
w
aterPre
ss
ure filter
Pre
ss
ure filter
w
a
s
hing
s
,Pre
ss
ure filter
w
a
s
hing
s
,
s
tream
s
w
a
s
hing
s
refre
s
hing refre
s
hing
1
)
A
c
o
mprehen
s
ive quantitative anal
y
s
i
s
o
f
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n i
s
pr
o
vided in
[
24
]
2
)
A
detailed quantitative characteri
z
ati
o
n
o
f individual
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
f
o
r
o
ne
o
f the t
w
in facilitie
s
i
s
pr
o
vided in
[
25
]
3
)
SP1 (
M
a
z
ow
iec
k
ie V
o
iv
o
de
s
hip)
:
e
s
timated u
s
ing a c
o
mbined
w
ater
s
uppl
y
and
w
a
s
te
w
ater tariff
o
f 14
.
90 PLN/m³
(3
.
47
E
U
R
/m³)
4
)
SP2 and SP3 (
Do
ln
o
ś
lą
s
k
ie V
o
iv
o
de
s
hip)
:
e
s
timated u
s
ing a c
o
mbined
w
ater
s
uppl
y
and
w
a
s
te
w
ater tariff
o
f 14
.
10 PLN/m³ (3
.
28
E
U
R
/m³)
in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
8/202679
The
o
verall
w
ater demand
o
f
s
w
imming
p
oo
l facilitie
s
additi
o
nall
y
include
s
p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al, evap
o
rati
o
n l
o
ss
e
s
,
s
pla
s
h--
o
ut l
o
ss
e
s
,
w
ater carried
o
ut b
y
bather
s
,
and
o
ther
o
perati
o
nal
w
ater u
s
e
s
.
Neverthele
ss
, even under
s
uch c
o
nditi
o
n
s
,
the implementati
o
n
o
f membrane rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
enable
s
a
s
ub
s
tantial reducti
o
n in
p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n and minimi
z
e
s
the v
o
lume
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater
di
s
charged int
o
the
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
tem
.
I
n addi-
ti
o
n t
o
reducing p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n
s
ump-
ti
o
n, the anal
y
s
ed rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ma
y
generate
s
ignificant ec
o
n
o
mic benefit
s
thr
o
ugh reduced
w
ater
s
uppl
y
and
w
a
s
te-
w
ater di
s
charge c
o
s
t
s
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n the ma
x
i-
mum annual rec
o
ver
y
capacit
y
and regi
o
-
nal
w
ater and
w
a
s
te
w
ater tariff
s
, the
p
o
tential annual
s
aving
s
w
ere e
s
timated at
appr
o
x
imatel
y
410,600
E
U
R
/
y
ear f
o
r
SP1, 310,500
E
U
R
/
y
ear f
o
r SP2, and
293,300
E
U
R
/
y
ear f
o
r SP3
.
The
s
e value
s
s
h
o
uld be treated a
s
indicative e
s
timate
s
,
a
s
the
y
d
o
n
o
t include inve
s
tment c
o
s
t
s
,
energ
y
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n, membrane replace-
ment,
o
r
o
ther
o
perating e
x
pen
s
e
s
.
The c
o
mparative anal
y
s
i
s
al
s
o
dem
o
n-
s
trated the influence
o
f
s
y
s
tem c
o
nfigura-
ti
o
n and
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream diver
s
ificati
o
n
o
n
o
perati
o
nal perf
o
rmance
.
F
acilitie
s
SP2
and SP3,
w
hich u
s
e t
wo
-
s
tage rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
and additi
o
nal
w
ater
s
tream
s
,
achieved higher
o
perati
o
nal fle
x
ibilit
y
and
a greater degree
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater
demand c
o
verage rec
o
ver
y
p
o
tential c
o
m-
pared t
o
the
s
ingle-
s
tage rec
o
ver
y
c
o
nfi-
gurati
o
n applied in SP1
.
O
pe
r
a
t
i
on
a
l
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
mp
l
eme
n
t
a
t
i
on
c
h
a
ll
e
n
ge
s
O
perati
o
nal anal
y
s
i
s
dem
o
n
s
trated
that the real
o
perating c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
f mem-
brane in
s
tallati
o
n
s
s
ignificantl
y
influence
h
y
draulic
s
tabilit
y
and membrane durabili-
t
y.
The
s
y
s
tem
s
o
perated in a c
y
clic m
o
de
c
o
n
s
i
s
ting
o
f permeate pr
o
ducti
o
n and
aut
o
matic cleaning pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
perf
o
rmed
after each pr
o
ducti
o
n c
y
cle
.
The h
y
draulic
regenerati
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
included air and
w
ater bac
kw
a
s
hing, after
w
hich the
s
y
s
tem
returned t
o
the ne
x
t filtrati
o
n c
y
cle
.
A
cc
o
rding t
o
the ad
o
pted
o
perati
o
nal
s
tra-
teg
y
, a
s
ingle filtrati
o
n c
y
cle la
s
ted
30 minute
s
, after
w
hich an aut
o
matic bac-
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
ss
w
a
s
initiated
.
H
y
draulic
regenerati
o
n included air and
w
ater
w
a
s
hing la
s
ting 3 minute
s
and 10
s
ec
o
nd
s
,
after
w
hich the
s
y
s
tem returned t
o
the
s
ub-
s
equent filtrati
o
n c
y
cle
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, peri
o
-
dic chemical membrane cleaning u
s
ing
the Clean-
I
n-Place (C
I
P) meth
o
d
w
a
s
car-
ried
o
ut
w
hen a per
s
i
s
tent decline in
h
y
draulic perf
o
rmance
o
r an increa
s
e in
tran
s
membrane pre
ss
ure (T
M
P) ab
o
ve
T
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
c
onf
i
g
u
r
a
t
i
on
of
i
mp
l
eme
n
t
ed
r
e
c
ov
e
ry syst
em
s
the manufacturer’
s
rec
o
mmended thre
s
h
o
ld
D
i
sc
u
ss
i
on
w
a
s
o
b
s
erved
.
Chemical cleaning pr
o
ce-
dure
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed u
s
ing
s
o
dium h
y
p
o
-
chl
o
rite
s
o
luti
o
n
s
and citric acid
s
o
luti
o
n
s
.
D
e
s
pite the u
s
e
o
f aut
o
mated cleaning pr
o
- The anal
y
s
i
s
o
f the
s
y
s
tem
s
in SP1, SP2
cedure
s
and peri
o
dic chemical regenera- and SP3 c
o
nfirm
s
that the techn
o
l
o
gical
ti
o
n, a gradual decline in membrane per- c
o
nfigurati
o
n
o
f the
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
in
s
tal-
f
o
rmance
w
a
s
o
b
s
erved, a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith lati
o
n
s
in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
s
h
o
uld
pr
o
gre
ss
ive f
o
uling
.
Thi
s
phen
o
men
o
n be individuall
y
adapted t
o
the t
y
pe
o
f tre-
re
s
ulted in reduced permeate fl
ow
and ated
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream, the
s
i
z
e
o
f the
increa
s
ed h
y
draulic re
s
i
s
tance
w
ithin the facilit
y
, and the intended directi
o
n
o
f reu
s
e
s
y
s
tem
.
F
o
uling inten
s
it
y
s
tr
o
ngl
y
depen-
o
f reclaimed
w
ater
.
The facilitie
s
inve
s
tiga-
ded
o
n the t
y
pe
o
f treated
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tre- ted applied
s
y
s
tem
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
ting
o
f
s
edimen-
am and it
s
level
o
f c
o
ntaminati
o
n
.
A
deta- tati
o
n,
A
FM
media filtrati
o
n, and
s
ingle-
o
r
iled anal
y
s
i
s
o
f the decrea
s
e in membrane t
wo
-
s
tage membrane filtrati
o
n,
w
hich i
s
perf
o
rmance
o
ver time
w
a
s
pre
s
ented in c
o
n
s
i
s
tent
w
ith the appr
o
ache
s
rep
o
rted in
the previ
o
u
s
s
tud
y
[
24
].
the literature,
w
here
s
w
imming p
oo
l bac-
Under l
o
ng-term
o
perating c
o
nditi
o
n
s
,
kw
a
s
h
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
are c
o
m-
it
w
a
s
a
ss
umed that a decrea
s
e in mem- m
o
nl
y
ba
s
ed
o
n the c
o
mbinati
o
n
o
f pretre-
brane perf
o
rmance t
o
appr
o
x
imatel
y
70
%
atment pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
, ultrafiltrati
o
n, and final
o
f n
o
minal capacit
y
repre
s
ent
s
the thre- di
s
infecti
o
n
.
Stud
z
iń
s
k
i et al
.
[
10
]
dem
o
n-
s
h
o
ld f
o
r membrane regenerati
o
n
o
r repla-
s
trated that a treatment
s
y
s
tem integrating
cement
.
H
ow
ever, the final deci
s
i
o
n fl
o
cculati
o
n, prefiltrati
o
n, ultrafiltrati
o
n, and
depend
s
o
n the
o
perati
o
nal
s
trateg
y
ad
o
p-
o
z
o
nati
o
n can effectivel
y
treat bac
kw
a
s
h
ted b
y
the facilit
y
o
perat
o
r and
o
n the
w
ater fr
o
m the
s
w
imming p
oo
l and enable
acceptable reducti
o
n in the
s
y
s
tem’
s
it
s
s
ub
s
equent reu
s
e
.
h
y
draulic perf
o
rmance
.
D
uring
o
n-
s
ite The re
s
ult
s
o
btained f
o
r SP2 and SP3
in
s
pecti
o
n
s
and
o
perati
o
nal anal
y
s
i
s
o
f al
s
o
indicate that e
x
tending the rec
o
ver
y
the inve
s
tigated facilitie
s
,
s
ignificant
s
y
s
tem b
y
inc
o
rp
o
rating additi
o
nal
s
tre-
difference
s
w
ere identified bet
w
een indivi- am
s
,
s
uch a
s
rain
w
ater and
s
w
imming
dual techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
.
p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al
s
tream
s
, increa
s
e
s
the
The re
s
ult
s
c
o
nfirm that the actual efficienc
y
o
verall
w
ater balance p
o
tential
o
f the
and
o
perati
o
nal
s
tabilit
y
o
f membrane
s
y
s
- in
s
tallati
o
n
.
A
t the
s
ame time, the literature
tem
s
depend n
o
t
o
nl
y
o
n in
s
tallati
o
n empha
s
i
s
e
s
that the utili
z
ati
o
n
o
f rain
w
ater
de
s
ign parameter
s
but primaril
y
o
n the in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
require
s
careful
characteri
s
tic
s
o
f the treated
w
a
s
te
w
ater, c
o
n
s
iderati
o
n, a
s
the qualit
y
o
f the rain
w
a-
the
o
perati
o
nal
s
trateg
y
, and the effective- ter
s
tr
o
ngl
y
depend
s
o
n the catchment
s
ur-
ne
ss
o
f membrane cleaning and regenera- face, atm
o
s
pheric c
o
ntaminati
o
n, and
s
t
o
-
ti
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
rage c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
R
ain
w
ater harve
s
ting ha
s
F
igure 4 pre
s
ent
s
a c
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f an been identified a
s
a pr
o
mi
s
ing
s
upplemen-
unu
s
ed PV
D
F
membrane and a membrane tar
y
w
ater
s
o
urce f
o
r recreati
o
nal and
w
ith vi
s
ible f
o
uling dep
o
s
it
s
that require t
o
uri
s
t facilitie
s
, including
s
w
imming p
oo
l
chemical regenerati
o
n
.
in
s
tallati
o
n
s
, particularl
y
in the c
o
nte
x
t
F
ig
.
4
.
PV
D
F
membrane
:
a) unu
s
ed p
o
l
y
vin
y
lidene flu
o
ride (PV
D
F
) membrane; b) f
o
uled membrane
s
urface
w
ith vi
s
ible c
o
ntaminant dep
o
s
it
s
requiring chemical regenerati
o
n
[
24
]
Ry
s
.
4
.
M
embrana PV
D
F
:
a
)
nieu
ż
yw
ana membrana
z
p
o
liflu
o
r
k
u
w
in
y
lidenu
(
PV
D
F
)
; b
)
p
ow
ier
z
chnia
membran
y
z
w
id
o
c
z
n
y
mi
o
s
adami f
o
uling
owy
mi
wy
magająca regeneracji chemic
z
nej
[
24
]
a)b)
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
now
e
o
f
s
u
s
tainable
w
ater management and
p
o
table
w
ater demand reducti
o
n
[
27, 28
].
H
ow
ever, it
s
applicati
o
n
s
h
o
uld be prece-
ded b
y
a detailed qualit
y
a
ss
e
ss
ment and,
if nece
ss
ar
y
, additi
o
nal treatment pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
F
r
o
m a de
s
ign and
o
perati
o
nal per-
s
pective, the c
o
mpari
s
o
n bet
w
een SP2 and
SP3 i
s
particularl
y
s
ignificant,
s
ince the main
difference bet
w
een the
s
e
s
y
s
tem
s
inv
o
lve
s
the applicati
o
n
o
f a ceramic membrane a
s
the fir
s
t filtrati
o
n
s
tage in SP3
.
Such a c
o
nfi-
gurati
o
n ma
y
increa
s
e the re
s
i
s
tance
o
f the
s
y
s
tem t
o
variable c
o
ntaminant
l
o
ading c
o
nditi
o
n
s
and inten
s
ive cleaning
pr
o
cedure
s
.
Thi
s
o
b
s
ervati
o
n i
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
tent
w
ith general c
o
nclu
s
i
o
n
s
rep
o
rted in the
membrane techn
o
l
o
g
y
literature, ba
s
ed
o
n
w
hich membrane material
s
electi
o
n and
chemical re
s
i
s
tance are
k
e
y
fact
o
r
s
determi-
ning pr
o
ce
ss
s
tabilit
y
, particularl
y
in
s
y
s
tem
s
e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
s
evere f
o
uling c
o
nditi
o
n
s
and
frequent c
o
ntact
w
ith chemical cleaning
reagent
s
[
29-31
].
W
a
t
e
r
r
e
c
ov
e
r
y
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
cy
a
n
d
i
mpa
ct
on
f
a
c
ili
ty w
a
t
e
r
ma
n
ageme
n
t
The re
s
ult
s
o
btained c
o
nfirm the high
p
o
tential
o
f membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
in
reducing the c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
o
f p
o
table
w
ater
and minimi
z
ing the v
o
lume
o
f techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charged int
o
the
s
e
w
er
s
y
s
-
tem
.
I
n the ca
s
e
o
f SP1, the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
i
s
capable
o
f c
o
vering appr
o
x
imatel
y
91
.
7
%
o
f the
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith
s
w
imming p
oo
l filter bac
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
s
-
s
e
s
,
w
herea
s
in SP2 and SP3 the pr
o
ducti
o
n
capacit
y
o
f the in
s
tallati
o
n
s
e
x
ceed
s
the
techn
o
l
o
gical demand re
s
ulting fr
o
m filter
bac
kw
a
s
hing
o
perati
o
n
s
.
Similar envir
o
n-
mental benefit
s
have been rep
o
rted in the
literature,
w
here p
oo
l bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
i
s
c
o
n
s
idered an imp
o
rtant appr
o
-
ach t
o
reduce
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
in aquatic facili-
tie
s
.
Stud
z
iń
s
k
i et al
.
[
10
]
empha
s
i
z
ed that
s
w
imming p
oo
l filter bac
kw
a
s
hing pr
o
ce
s
-
s
e
s
generate
s
ignificant
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
.
Theref
o
re, the implementati
o
n
o
f bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ha
s
c
o
n
s
iderable
o
perati
o
nal and envir
o
nmental imp
o
rtance
.
H
ow
ever, the c
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f SP1
w
ith
facilitie
s
SP2 and SP3 dem
o
n
s
trate
s
that the
pr
o
ducti
o
n capacit
y
o
f a rec
o
ver
y
in
s
talla-
ti
o
n
s
h
o
uld n
o
t be evaluated independentl
y
o
f the actual
w
ater balance
o
f the facilit
y.
I
n
medium
s
i
z
ed facilitie
s
, membrane rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
ma
y
full
y
s
ati
s
f
y
the techn
o
l
o
gical
w
ater demand,
w
herea
s
in large
s
cale aqu-
apar
k
s
s
uch a
s
SP1, bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater rec
o
-
ver
y
can
s
ub
s
tantiall
y
reduce p
o
table
w
ater
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n but ma
y
s
till be in
s
ufficient t
o
c
o
ver the t
o
tal
w
ater demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith p
oo
l
w
ater rene
w
al, evap
o
rati
o
n l
o
s
-
s
e
s
,
w
ater
s
pla
s
hing, and
o
ther
o
perati
o
nal
l
o
ss
e
s
.
C
o
n
s
equentl
y
, the de
s
ign
o
f
w
ater
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
s
h
o
uld be preceded b
y
a detailed anal
y
s
i
s
o
f the
w
ater balance and
an a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f
w
hich
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
are the m
o
s
t appr
o
priate f
o
r reu
s
e
[
24
].
The literature al
s
o
empha
s
i
z
e
s
that the
reu
s
e
o
f treated bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater and
o
ther
techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
can
reduce c
o
s
t
s
related t
o
p
o
table
w
ater and
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charge
[
32-34
].
H
ow
ever, it
s
imultane
o
u
s
l
y
generate
s
additi
o
nal
o
pera-
ti
o
nal c
o
s
t
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith treatment pr
o
-
ce
ss
e
s
, pumping, di
s
infecti
o
n, and membra-
ne maintenance
.
W
o
l
s
k
a et al
.
[
35
]
indica-
ted that recirculati
o
n
o
f pretreated
bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater ma
y
reduce envir
o
nmental
c
o
s
t
s
related t
o
w
ater ab
s
tracti
o
n and
w
a
s
te
w
ater di
s
charge, alth
o
ugh additi
o
nal
treatment-related e
x
penditure
s
mu
s
t al
s
o
be
c
o
n
s
idered
.
Theref
o
re,
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
mu
s
t
be evaluated n
o
t
o
nl
y
in term
s
o
f their
ma
x
imum pr
o
ducti
o
n capacit
y
but al
s
o
w
ith re
s
pect t
o
the facilit
y
’
s
actual
w
ater
demand, the qualit
y
o
f reclaimed
w
ater,
the intended reu
s
e applicati
o
n
s
, and the
ec
o
n
o
mic ju
s
tificati
o
n f
o
r meeting a
s
peci-
fic
w
ater qualit
y
s
tandard
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n cur-
rent l
o
cal
w
ater and
w
a
s
te
w
ater tariff
s
, the
p
o
tential annual ec
o
n
o
mic benefit
s
a
ss
o
-
ciated
w
ith
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
w
ere e
s
timated
at appr
o
x
imatel
y
410 600
E
U
R
/
y
ear f
o
r
SP1, 310 500
E
U
R
/
y
ear f
o
r SP2, and
293 300
E
U
R
/
y
ear f
o
r SP3
.
I
n practical
applicati
o
n
s
, the m
o
s
t rati
o
nal u
s
e
o
f rec-
laimed
w
ater appear
s
t
o
inv
o
lve techn
o
l
o
-
gical purp
o
s
e
s
s
uch a
s
filter bac
kw
a
s
hing,
c
o
mpen
s
ati
o
n
o
f
s
elected
o
perati
o
nal
w
ater l
o
ss
e
s
, t
o
ilet flu
s
hing, and cleaning
o
perati
o
n
s
, rather than c
o
n
s
i
s
tentl
y
aiming
t
o
achieve
w
ater qualit
y
s
tandard
s
f
o
r
p
o
table
o
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
.
O
pe
r
a
t
i
on
a
l
e
x
pe
r
i
e
n
c
e
a
n
d
i
mp
l
eme
n
t
a
t
i
on
c
h
a
ll
e
n
ge
s
The m
o
s
t
s
ignificant
o
perati
o
nal limita-
ti
o
n
o
b
s
erved in the anal
y
z
ed in
s
tallati
o
n
s
w
a
s
membrane f
o
uling, leading t
o
a gradu-
al decrea
s
e in h
y
draulic perf
o
rmance and
an increa
s
e in fl
ow
re
s
i
s
tance
.
Thi
s
o
b
s
erva-
ti
o
n i
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
tent
w
ith data fr
o
m the literature
[
36-38
]
indicating that f
o
uling repre
s
ent
s
the main challenge in the
o
perati
o
n
o
f
micr
o
filtrati
o
n (
MF
) and ultrafiltrati
o
n (U
F
)
s
y
s
tem
s
,
w
hile it
s
inten
s
it
y
depend
s
o
n the
c
o
mp
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f the treated medium, inclu-
ding the pre
s
ence
o
f
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
,
c
o
ll
o
id
s
, mineral dep
o
s
it
s
, bi
o
film
s
and
s
ur-
factant
s
.
The membrane cleaning
s
trateg
y
al
s
o
pla
y
s
a crucial r
o
le in maintaining
o
perati
o
-
nal
s
tabilit
y.
I
n the inve
s
tigated
s
y
s
tem
s
,
a c
y
clic
o
perating m
o
de
w
a
s
applied, c
o
n-
s
i
s
ting
o
f permeate pr
o
ducti
o
n, air and
w
ater bac
kw
a
s
hing, and peri
o
dic chemical
C
I
P (Clean-
I
n-Place) cleaning pr
o
cedure
s
.
Previ
o
u
s
s
tudie
s
[
17,39
]
have
s
h
ow
n that
maintaining an appr
o
priate tran
s
membrane
pre
ss
ure (T
M
P) and
o
ptimi
s
ing bac
kw
a-
s
hing frequenc
y
and C
I
P pr
o
cedure
s
are
e
ss
ential f
o
r
s
table membrane perf
o
rmance
and limiting irrever
s
ible f
o
uling
.
Studie
s
c
o
n-
ducted b
y
A
lhu
ss
aini et al
.
[
34
]
in U
F
s
y
s
-
tem
s
dem
o
n
s
trated that bac
kw
a
s
h trigge-
ring meth
o
d
s
and
o
perati
o
nal
s
trategie
s
ba
s
ed
o
n
s
pecific T
M
P value
s
s
ignificantl
y
influence h
y
draulic rec
o
ver
y
and l
o
ng-term
pr
o
ce
ss
efficienc
y.
F
r
o
m an implementati
o
n per
s
pective,
the re
s
ult
s
o
btained f
o
r SP1, SP2 and SP3
indicate that the primar
y
challenge i
s
n
o
t the
techn
o
l
o
gical fea
s
ibilit
y
o
f
w
ater treatment
it
s
elf, but rather the maintenance
o
f
s
table
l
o
ng-term in
s
tallati
o
n
o
perati
o
n
.
Thi
s
requ-
ire
s
careful
s
electi
o
n
o
f
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
directed t
o
rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
, e
x
pan
s
i
o
n
o
f
pre-treatment pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
f
o
r highl
y
c
o
ntami-
nated
s
tream
s
, and c
o
ntinu
o
u
s
m
o
nit
o
ring
o
f
o
perati
o
nal parameter
s
, including per-
meate flu
x
, T
M
P, bac
kw
a
s
h frequenc
y
, and
C
I
P efficienc
y.
C
o
n
s
equentl
y
, membrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
s
h
o
uld be c
o
n
s
idered an effective but
o
pe-
rati
o
nall
y
s
en
s
itive t
oo
l f
o
r
w
ater manage-
ment in public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
Their
effectivene
ss
depend
s
n
o
t
o
nl
y
o
n the
s
elec-
ti
o
n
o
f membrane
s
, but primaril
y
o
n the pr
o
-
per de
s
ign
o
f the entire techn
o
l
o
gical
s
y
s
-
tem
.
Ke
y
fact
o
r
s
include
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
electi
o
n, h
y
draulic
s
tabili
z
ati
o
n, appr
o
-
priate pre-treatment, effective di
s
infecti
o
n,
and an
o
perati
o
nal
s
trateg
y
adapted t
o
the
actual h
y
draulic and c
o
ntaminant l
o
ading
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
f the facilit
y.
C
on
c
l
u
s
i
on
s
The anal
y
s
e
s
c
o
nducted c
o
nfirmed the
high effectivene
ss
o
f membrane techn
o
l
o
-
gie
s
in reducing the c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
o
f p
o
ta-
ble
w
ater and minimi
z
ing the v
o
lume
o
f
techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater generated in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
A
t the
s
ame time,
it
w
a
s
dem
o
n
s
trated that the efficienc
y
and
o
perati
o
nal
s
tabilit
y
o
f
w
ater rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
depend n
o
t
o
nl
y
o
n the applied
membrane techn
o
l
o
g
y
but al
s
o
o
n the
in
s
tallati
o
n’
s
techn
o
l
o
gical c
o
nfigurati
o
n,
the t
y
pe
s
o
f treated
w
a
s
te
w
ater
s
tream
s
,
and the facilit
y
’
s
o
perati
o
nal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
The main c
o
ntributi
o
n
o
f thi
s
s
tud
y
i
s
the
c
o
mparative evaluati
o
n
o
f three different
full-
s
cale membrane rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem c
o
n-
figurati
o
n
s
o
perating in public
s
w
imming
p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
Unli
k
e previ
o
u
s
s
tudie
s
that f
o
cu
s
o
n individual in
s
tallati
o
n
s
o
r
s
pecific
o
perati
o
nal a
s
pect
s
, the pre
s
ent
wo
r
k
c
o
mpare
s
different techn
o
l
o
gical
appr
o
ache
s
and identifie
s
practical
808/2026in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
I
81
in
s
tal
.
pc
z
.
pl
8/2026
implementati
o
n e
x
perience
s
relevant t
o
future membrane
s
y
s
tem applicati
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater management
.
•
M
embrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
all
ow
f
o
r
s
igni-
ficant reducti
o
n
o
f p
o
table
w
ater c
o
n-
s
umpti
o
n and techn
o
l
o
gical
w
a
s
te
w
ater
di
s
charge in
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
•
I
n medium
s
i
z
ed facilitie
s
s
uch a
s
SP2
and SP3, the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
w
ere ca-
pable
o
f pr
o
ducing larger v
o
lume
s
o
f
reclaimed
w
ater than the actual techn
o
-
l
o
gical filter bac
kw
a
s
hing
w
ater de-
mand
o
f the facilitie
s
.
•
I
n SP1,
w
hich repre
s
ent
s
a large-
s
cale
aquapar
k
w
ith high h
y
draulic and
o
pe-
rati
o
nal l
o
ad
s
, the rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem c
o
-
vered appr
o
x
imatel
y
91
.
7
%
o
f the
w
ater
demand a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith filter bac
kw
a-
s
hing
.
The general
w
ater demand e
x
ce-
eded the pr
o
ducti
o
n capacit
y
o
f the re-
c
o
ver
y
in
s
tallati
o
n
.
•
M
embrane f
o
uling
w
a
s
identified a
s
the
m
o
s
t
s
ignificant
o
perati
o
nal limitati
o
n,
leading t
o
a decrea
s
e in h
y
draulic per-
f
o
rmance and the need f
o
r peri
o
dic
membrane cleaning
.
•
Stable l
o
ng-term
o
perati
o
n
o
f membra-
ne in
s
tallati
o
n
s
require
s
appr
o
priate
w
a-
s
te
w
ater pre-treatment, effective prefil-
trati
o
n, and
o
ptimi
z
ati
o
n
o
f membrane
bac
kw
a
s
hing and cleaning pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
•
M
embrane techn
o
l
o
gie
s
c
o
n
s
titute an
effective t
oo
l that
s
upp
o
rt
s
s
u
s
tainable
w
ater management in public
s
w
imming
p
oo
l facilitie
s
.
A
ck
no
w
l
edgeme
n
ts
Thi
s
wo
r
k
w
a
s
s
upp
o
rted b
y
s
tatut
o
r
y
fund
s
f
o
r the Sile
s
ian Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y
in
G
li
w
ice and the P
o
li
s
h
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f Science
and Higher
E
ducati
o
n under the
“
I
mplementati
o
n
Do
ct
o
rate 2023
”
pr
o
gram-
me
(
N
o.
D
W
D
/7/0330/2023
)
, and b
y
the
pr
o
gramme
“
Ex
cellence
I
nitiative
–
R
e
s
earch
Univer
s
it
y”
(
c
o
ntract N
o.
08/
I
D
U
B
/
2019/84, dated 16
D
ecember 2019
).
L
i
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
[
1
]
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aglionico
M
.
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&
Stoj
k
ov
I
.
(2015)
.
Water con-
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umption in a public
s
w
imming pool
.
Water Sup-
pl
y
, 15(6), 1304
–
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:
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.
org/10
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2166/
w
s
.
2015
.
095
.
[
2
]
Cardo
s
o,
B
.
J
.
,
G
a
s
par,
A.
R.
,
G
ói
s
, J
.
C
.
,
&
R
odri-
gue
s
,
E
.
(2018)
.
E
nerg
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and
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ater con
s
umption
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z
ation of Portugue
s
e indoor
s
w
imming
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s
.
I
n Proceeding
s
of the C
Y
T
EF
2018 V
II
Congre
s
o
I
bérico, Ciencia
s
y
Técnica
s
del
F
río
.
Valencia, Spain
.
[
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]
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oménech-Sánche
z
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A.
, La
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o,
E
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B
errocal, C
.
I
.
(2021)
.
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ss
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imming pool filter bac-
kw
a
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hing proce
ss
e
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I
s
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s
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.
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y
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p
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[
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]
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M
ini
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ater in
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w
s
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R
epu-
blic of Poland
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[
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N 19643
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ater
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erman
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n
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z
a-
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M
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ner,
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ater and
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ater
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aterial
C
y
cle
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te
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.
org/10
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1007/
s
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00960-
z
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[
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]
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k
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k
a, K
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om
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z
y
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,
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achula, S
.
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.
B
e
s
t practice
s
in
w
a
s
te
w
ater manage-
ment in Poland
w
ith particular empha
s
i
s
on
s
w
im-
ming pool
w
ater
s
.
I
n
[
Co
s
t-efficient Wa
s
te
w
ater
Treatment Technologie
s
]
(pp
.
485
–
504)
.
http
s
:
//
doi
.
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1007/698_2022_878
.
[
8
]
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s
k
i,
F
.
G
.
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.
Water con
s
umption in
multifunctional indoor
s
w
imming pool
s
on the
ba
s
i
s
of annual re
s
earch
.
I
n K
.
Ku
ś
&
F
.
G
.
Piechur-
s
k
i (
E
d
s
.
),
I
n
s
talacje ba
s
eno
w
e (pp
.
107
–
128)
.
I
n
s
t
y
tut
I
n
ż
y
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y
i Ście
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ó
w
, Politechni
k
a
Ślą
s
k
a
.
[
9
]
Lieber
s
bach, J
.
,
Ż
abnień
s
k
a-
G
óra,
A.
, Polarc
z
yk
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I
.
,
&
Sa
y
egh,
M
.
A.
(2021)
.
F
ea
s
ibilit
y
of gre
y
w
ater heat recover
y
in indoor
s
w
imming pool
s
.
E
nergie
s
,14(14),4221
.
http
s
:
//doi
.
org/10
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.
[
10
]
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z
iń
s
k
i, W
.
, Poć
w
iardo
w
s
k
i, W
.
,
&
Os
iń
s
k
a,
W
.
(2021)
.
A
pplication of the
s
w
imming pool
bac
kw
a
s
h
w
ater recover
y
s
y
s
tem
w
ith the u
s
e of
filter tube
s
.
M
olecule
s
, 26(21), 6620
.
http
s
:
//
doi
.
org/10
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l
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o
y
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ltin
k
a
y
a, S
.
(2024)
.
A
revie
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tration membrane
s
:
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abrication, ph
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ical morpho-
log
y
, and fouling characteri
z
ation technique
s
.
F
rontier
s
in
M
embrane Science and Technolog
y
, 3
.
http
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:
//doi
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.
(2020)
.
I
ntroduction to membrane
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embrane--ba
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s
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l
s
evier
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.
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ecent development
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ic element
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:
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ar
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athematical modelling, pre-
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em-
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ío-
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ouling cha-
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12
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K
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W
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I
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nferencja; Strategie
w
dra
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Z
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neg
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Ładu; W
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da, Sur
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E
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Z
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V
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Seminarium
„
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2027
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Ń
12-14
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01
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27
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9-11
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02
.
27
23-25
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02
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27
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XXX
lat W
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V
III
M
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nar
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nferencja
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nieria i K
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Ak
tualne
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datnianiu i d
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tr
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