T
o
p
i
c
Ov
e
r
v
i
e
w
a
n
d
Pu
r
p
o
s
e
B
et
w
een 2010 and 2025, P
o
land’
s
p
o
l-
ic
y
land
s
cape f
o
r circularit
y
and re
s
o
urce
efficienc
y
advanced in
s
tep
w
ith
E
U legi
s
la-
ti
o
n, alth
o
ugh implementati
o
n
o
ccurred in
a
s
taggered manner acr
o
ss
energ
y
,
w
ater,
and material-inten
s
ive
s
ect
o
r
s
.
Ke
y
mile-
s
t
o
ne
s
include the nati
o
nal Circular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
Ro
admap (2019), update
s
t
o
the Nati
o
nal
E
nerg
y
and Climate Plan (drafted 2024
w
ith
s
ub
s
equent refinement
s
in 2025)
[
9
][
19
]
,
and mar
k
et in
s
trument
s
s
uch a
s
the nati
o
n-
w
ide dep
o
s
it-return
s
cheme (in f
o
rce fr
o
m 1
O
ct 2025) al
o
ng
s
ide an
o
verhauled e
x
tend-
ed-pr
o
ducer-re
s
p
o
n
s
ibilit
y
frame
wo
r
k
f
o
r
pac
k
aging n
ow
being r
o
lled
o
ut
[
3
].
Sect
o
r-f
o
cu
s
ed C
E
acti
o
n
s
f
o
r
s
teel, ce-
ment, chemical
s
and gla
ss
pri
o
riti
z
e
:
B
e
s
t
available technique
s
(
B
A
T), indu
s
trial emi
s
-
s
i
o
n
s
directive (
I
E
D
) c
o
mpliance and pr
o
ce
ss
electrificati
o
n; high-efficienc
y
heat rec
o
ver
y
and fuel
s
w
itching; cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p
w
ater
s
y
s
-
tem
s
w
ith tighter
w
ater-la
w
permitting;
s
ec-
o
ndar
y
ra
w
-material upta
k
e (
s
lag, fl
y
a
s
h,
cullet); pr
o
duct-de
s
ign and e
x
tended pr
o
-
ducer re
s
p
o
n
s
ibilit
y
(
E
P
R
) alignment; and
digital m
o
nit
o
ring, rep
o
rting and verificati
o
n
(
M
R
V) enabling indu
s
trial
s
y
mbi
o
s
i
s
in clu
s
-
ter
s
[
10
].
B
arrier
s
remain
s
ignificant
:
legac
y
c
o
al-ba
s
ed energ
y
input
s
, cape
x
c
o
n
s
traint
s
f
o
r deep retr
o
fit
s
, permitting c
o
mple
x
it
y
(
w
a-
ter and integrated), heter
o
gene
o
u
s
w
a
s
te/
feed
s
t
o
c
k
qualit
y
, and
s
k
ill
s
gap
s
f
o
r ad-
vanced pr
o
ce
ss
c
o
ntr
o
l
.
N
o
nethele
ss
, the
c
o
mbinati
o
n
o
f
E
U c
o
mpliance pre
ss
ure,
nati
o
nal C
E
in
s
trument
s
, and c
o
mpan
y
-level
inve
s
tment
s
i
s
beginning t
o
s
hift heav
y
indu
s
-
tr
y
t
ow
ard l
ow
er-carb
o
n, l
ow
er-
w
ater, and
higher-circularit
y
o
perati
o
n
s
[
8
].
B
et
w
een 2010 and 2025, P
o
land’
s
im-
plementati
o
n
o
f
E
U Circular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
direc-
tive
s
pr
o
ved gradual and challenging
.
Limited
techn
o
l
o
gical capacit
y
, high inve
s
tment
need
s
, and admini
s
trative fragmentati
o
n
s
l
ow
ed pr
o
gre
ss
, particularl
y
in
w
a
s
te man-
2
agement and re
s
o
urce inten
s
ive indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
.
D
e
s
pite the
s
e barrier
s
, c
o
ntinu
o
u
s
re-
f
o
rm
s
and
E
U funding have graduall
y
s
trength-
ened P
o
land’
s
abilit
y
t
o
align
w
ith
E
ur
o
pean
envir
o
nmental and (C
E
)
s
tandard
s
[
14
].
P
o
land’
s
re
s
o
urce-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
c
o
mpri
s
ing
s
teel, cement, chemical, pulp
&
paper, and gla
ss
remain
s
the nati
o
n’
s
c
o
re
c
o
n
s
umer
o
f energ
y
and material
s
, and a ma-
j
o
r
s
o
urce
o
f inefficienc
y
and
w
a
s
te
.
Huge
l
o
ss
e
s
o
f energ
y
,
w
ater, and ra
w
material
s
ma
k
e the
s
e
s
ect
o
r
s
central t
o
(C
E
) acti
o
n,
w
here impr
o
ved re
s
o
urce rec
o
ver
y
and pr
o
-
ce
ss
efficienc
y
can drive decarb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n, in-
du
s
trial m
o
derni
z
ati
o
n, and
s
upp
o
rt
s
u
s
tain-
abilit
y
t
ow
ard future g
o
al
s
.
R
ecent
E
U-
w
ide
re
s
earch c
o
nfirm
s
that ec
o
n
o
mic, techn
o
l
o
gi-
cal, and envir
o
nmental driver
s
j
o
intl
y
acceler-
ate the tran
s
iti
o
n fr
o
m regulati
o
n t
o
circularit
y
in indu
s
trial
s
y
s
tem
s
[
16
].
Thi
s
s
tud
y
e
x
amine
s
trend
s
in energ
y
,
w
a-
ter, material, and C
O
inten
s
it
y
in P
o
land’
s
energ
y
-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
o
ver 2010
–
2025
2
Thi
s
s
tud
y
e
x
amine
s
the Circular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
) in P
o
land’
s
energ
y
and re
s
o
urce-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
s
pecificall
y
in the
s
teel and metallurg
y
, cement, chemical and petr
o
chemical, pulp and paper, and gla
ss
s
ect
o
r
s
bet
w
een 2010 and
2025, u
s
ing a data-driven benchmar
k
ing appr
o
ach ba
s
ed
o
n nati
o
nal and internati
o
nal
s
tati
s
tic
s
.
I
t evaluate
s
h
ow
(C
E
)
s
trategie
s
have mitigated traditi
o
nall
y
le
ss
efficient indu
s
trial practice
s
, characteri
z
ed b
y
e
x
ce
ss
ive c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
o
f energ
y
,
w
ater, and ra
w
material
s
.
The
s
ect
o
r
s
achieved 15
–
30
%
reducti
o
n
s
in energ
y
and C
O
inten
s
it
y
and up t
o
40
–
50
%
s
aving
s
in
w
ater u
s
e, reflecting mea
s
urable pr
o
gre
ss
t
ow
ard indu
s
trial m
o
derni
z
ati
o
n and
s
u
s
tainabilit
y.
The
s
e gain
s
s
tem fr
o
m the gradual ad
o
pti
o
n
o
f C
E
principle
s
, techn
o
l
o
gical inn
o
vati
o
n, and alignment
w
ith
E
U
envir
o
nmental frame
wo
r
k
s
, th
o
ugh pr
o
gre
ss
remain
s
uneven
.
C
o
ntinued inve
s
tment and cr
o
ss
-
s
ect
o
r c
oo
perati
o
n are
e
ss
ential t
o
accelerate P
o
land’
s
tran
s
iti
o
n fr
o
m regulati
o
n t
o
circularit
y
and meet 2050 climate g
o
al
s
.
Ke
y
wo
rd
s
:
re
s
o
urce-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
, indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
, rec
y
cling,
w
ater inten
s
ive, circularit
y
,
w
a
s
te heat rec
o
ver
y
2
Niniej
s
z
e
o
prac
ow
anie
ko
ncentruje
s
ię na
z
agadnieniach g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m (
GO
Z
)
w
energ
o
,
z
a
s
o
-
b
o
i materiał
o
chł
o
nn
y
ch gałę
z
iach pr
z
em
y
s
łu
w
P
o
l
s
ce,
w
wy
bran
y
ch
s
e
k
t
o
rach
:
s
tal
owy
m i metalurgic
z
n
y
m,
cemen-t
owy
m, chemic
z
n
y
m i petr
o
chemic
z
n
y
m, papiernic
z
y
m
o
ra
z
s
z
k
lar
s
k
im,
w
latach 2010
–
2025
.
A
nali
z
a
o
piera
s
ię na p
o
dej
ś
ciu benchmar
k
ing
owy
m
wyko
r
z
y
s
tując
y
m
k
raj
ow
e i międ
z
y
nar
o
d
ow
e dane
s
tat
y
s
t
y
c
z
ne
.
O
ceni
o
n
o
,
w
ja
k
i
s
p
o
s
ó
b
s
trategie (
GO
Z
) pr
z
y
c
z
y
nił
y
s
ię d
o
o
granic
z
enia trad
y
c
y
jn
y
ch, mniej efe
k
t
yw
n
y
ch pra
k
t
yk
pr
z
em
y
s
ł
owy
ch, cechując
y
ch
s
ię nadmiern
y
m
z
u
ż
y
ciem energii,
wo
d
y
i
s
ur
ow
c
ów.
Se
k
t
o
r
y
te
o
s
iągnęł
y
15
–
30
%
redu
k
cję
z
u
ż
y
cia energii i emi
s
ji C
O
o
ra
z
d
o
40
–
50
%
o
s
z
c
z
ędn
o
ś
ci
w
z
u
ż
y
ciu
wo
d
y
, c
o
o
d
z
w
ierciedla p
o
s
tęp
w
k
ierun
k
u m
o
derni-
z
acji pr
z
em
y
s
łu i
z
r
ów
n
ow
a
ż
o
neg
o
r
o
z
wo
ju
.
Os
iągnięcia te
wy
ni
k
ają
z
e
s
t
o
pni
ow
eg
o
w
dra
ż
ania
z
a
s
ad (
GO
Z
), inn
ow
acji techn
o
l
o
gic
z
n
y
ch
o
ra
z
d
o
s
t
o
s
owyw
ania
s
ię d
o
unijn
y
ch ram
ś
r
o
d
ow
i
s
kowy
ch
.
Nie
z
będne
s
ą jedna
k
dal-
s
z
e in
w
e
s
t
y
cje i
w
s
p
ó
łpraca międ
z
y
s
e
k
t
o
r
ow
a, ab
y
pr
z
y
s
pie
s
z
y
ć pr
z
ej
ś
cie P
o
l
s
k
i
o
d regulacji d
o
pełneg
o
w
dr
o
ż
enia (
GO
Z
)
o
ra
z
reali
z
acji cel
ów
k
limat
y
c
z
n
y
ch d
o
2050 r
ok
u
.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
bran
ż
e
o
wy
s
ok
im
z
u
ż
y
ciu
z
a
s
o
b
ów
,
s
e
k
t
o
r
y
pr
z
em
y
s
ł
ow
e, rec
yk
ling,
wo
d
o
chł
o
nne, g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
a
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m,
o
d
z
y
s
k
ciepła
o
dpad
ow
eg
o
I
mp
l
eme
n
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
C
ir
c
u
l
a
r
E
c
ono
m
y
i
n
Po
l
a
n
d
’
s
I
n
d
u
st
ri
a
l
S
e
ct
o
rs
W
d
r
a
ż
a
n
i
e
g
o
s
p
o
da
r
k
i
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
w
p
o
l
sk
i
c
h
s
e
kt
o
r
a
c
h
p
r
z
em
ysł
u
M
ARD
E
R
O
S
ARA
S
A
YEG
H, J
A
N
DA
N
I
E
L
E
W
I
C
Z
DO
I 10
.
36119/15
.
2025
.
12
.
25
pr
o
f
.
dr hab
.
in
ż
.
M
arder
o
s
A
ra Sa
y
egh http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0002-1055-5160,
pr
o
f
.
dr hab
.
in
ż
.
Jan
D
aniele
w
ic
z
http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0002-4418-8485
–
Katedra Klimat
y
z
acji,
O
gr
z
e
w
nict
w
a,
G
ó
rnict
w
a i
O
chr
o
n
y
136
P
ow
ietr
z
a, W
y
d
z
iał
I
n
ż
y
nierii Śr
o
d
ow
i
s
k
a, P
o
litechni
k
a Wr
o
cła
w
s
k
a
.
A
ut
o
r d
o
ko
re
s
p
o
ndencji/ C
o
rre
s
p
o
nding auth
o
r
:
ara
.
s
a
y
egh
@
p
w
r
.
edu
.
pl
G
o
s
p
o
da
rk
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
/ C
i
rc
u
l
a
r
e
c
ono
m
y
u
s
ing a data-driven benchmar
k
ing appr
o
ach
ba
s
ed
o
n nati
o
nal and internati
o
nal
s
tati
s
tic
s
[
2
][
12
]
[
18
].
U
s
ing a data-driven ba
s
eline in-
dicat
o
r
s
w
ere derived fr
o
m
E
U (
B
A
T), be
s
t
available technique
s
(
B
A
T) reference d
o
cu-
ment (
B
R
EF
) benchmar
k
s
,
E
ur
o
s
tat,
G
US, and
s
ect
o
ral rep
o
rt
s
,
w
ith efficienc
y
gain
s
m
o
deled
thr
o
ugh
s
ect
o
r-
s
pecific reducti
o
n rate
s
[
3
][
4
]
[
13
][
15
][
17
].
The u
s
ed data in the ne
x
t figure
s
are pr
o
vi
s
i
o
nal, ba
s
ed
o
n the late
s
t available
e
s
timate
s
a
s
o
f
O
ct
o
ber 2025, and are meth-
o
d
o
l
o
gicall
y
ju
s
tified de
s
pite their pr
o
jected
nature
.
2
M
e
t
ho
d
o
l
o
g
y
Thi
s
s
tud
y
applie
s
a data-driven bench-
mar
k
ing appr
o
ach t
o
evaluate trend
s
in ener-
g
y
,
w
ater, material, and C
O
inten
s
it
y
in P
o
-
land’
s
energ
y
-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
f
o
r the peri-
o
d 2010
–
2035
.
B
a
s
eline value
s
w
ere de-
rived fr
o
m
E
U
B
A
T/
B
R
EF
benchmar
k
s
,
E
ur
o
-
s
tat,
G
US, and
s
ect
o
ral rep
o
rt
s
, c
o
mplement-
ed b
y
the m
o
s
t recent nati
o
nal pr
o
jecti
o
n
s
available a
s
o
f
O
ct
o
ber 2025
[
3-4
][
12-13
]
[
15
][
17-18
].
D
ue t
o
inc
o
n
s
i
s
tencie
s
in data
c
o
verage and meth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
acr
o
ss
s
ect
o
r
s
, all
indicat
o
r
s
w
ere harm
o
ni
z
ed and n
o
rmali
z
ed
t
o
a 1
–
10
s
cale
.
Thi
s
s
cale reflect
s
relative
perf
o
rmance, enabling tran
s
parent cr
o
ss
-
s
ec-
t
o
r c
o
mpari
s
o
n
s
o
f tran
s
f
o
rmati
o
n d
y
namic
s
w
ith
o
ut impl
y
ing ab
s
o
lute efficienc
y
level
s
.
Sect
o
r-
s
pecific reducti
o
n rate
s
and hi
s
-
t
o
rical efficienc
y
trend
s
w
ere u
s
ed t
o
m
o
del
indicative impr
o
vement path
w
a
y
s
.
The har-
m
o
ni
z
ed data
s
et
s
upp
o
rt
s
c
o
mparative a
s
-
s
e
ss
ment acr
o
ss
heter
o
gene
o
u
s
indicat
o
r
s
and highlight
s
difference
s
in
s
ect
o
ral pr
o
g-
re
ss
t
ow
ard cleaner techn
o
l
o
gie
s
.
A
lth
o
ugh
the m
o
s
t recent value
s
are pr
o
vi
s
i
o
nal, the
ad
o
pted n
o
rmali
z
ati
o
n and benchmar
k
ing
appr
o
ach en
s
ure
s
meth
o
d
o
l
o
gical c
o
n
s
i
s
-
tenc
y
acr
o
ss
all
s
ect
o
r
s
.
The 2030
–
2035 value
s
s
h
ow
n in the fig-
ure
s
repre
s
ent m
o
del-ba
s
ed pr
o
jecti
o
n
s
de-
rived fr
o
m e
x
trap
o
lated hi
s
t
o
rical trend
s
,
s
ec-
t
o
r-
s
pecific efficienc
y
impr
o
vement rate
s
, and
E
U reference climate and energ
y
s
cenari
o
s
.
G
iven uncertaintie
s
related t
o
p
o
lic
y
devel
o
p-
ment, techn
o
l
o
g
y
upta
k
e, and macr
o
ec
o
-
n
o
mic c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, the
s
e value
s
s
h
o
uld be inter-
preted a
s
indicative rather than predictive
.
A
n
uncertaint
y
range
o
f
±
10
–
20
%
i
s
a
ss
umed,
w
hich align
s
w
ith t
y
pical variabilit
y
in l
o
ng-
term indu
s
trial perf
o
rmance m
o
delling
.
2
C
E
Po
li
cy
Evo
l
u
t
i
on
a
n
d
I
n
d
u
st
ri
a
l
D
e
c
a
r
b
on
i
s
a
t
i
on
O
pp
o
r
t
un
i
t
i
e
s
Thi
s
s
ecti
o
n pr
o
vide
s
an integrated
o
ver-
vie
w
o
f the ev
o
luti
o
n
o
f circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
)
p
o
licie
s
in the
E
U and P
o
land (2008
–
2025)
and their relevance f
o
r
E
nerg
y
-,
w
ater-, and
material-inten
s
ive indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
.
I
t pre
s
ent
s
the main C
E
-related techn
o
l
o
gical pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
,
s
ect
o
r-
s
pecific decarb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n
o
pp
o
rtunitie
s
,
and indicative C
O
reducti
o
n p
o
tential
s
.
The
aim i
s
t
o
c
o
nte
x
tuali
s
e P
o
land’
s
indu
s
trial tran
s
-
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
2
)
C
i
rc
u
l
a
r
E
c
ono
m
y
e
vo
l
u
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
(E
U
)
a
n
d
Po
l
a
n
d
(
2008–
2024
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
1
)
Ov
e
r
v
i
e
w
of
(
C
E)
p
o
li
cy
de
v
e
l
o
pme
n
t
(E
U
)
a
n
d
Po
l
a
n
d
(
2008
-
2025
)
T
ab
l
e
(
1
)
M
a
i
n
En
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
a
n
d
k
e
y
(
C
E)
de
c
a
r
b
on
i
s
a
t
i
on
o
pp
o
rt
un
i
t
i
e
s
I
ndu
s
trial Sect
o
r
Steel
&
M
etallurg
y
c
oo
ler, fini
s
h grindingpreheater 300
–
900
s
ub
s
tituti
o
n (
s
lag, fl
y
a
s
h, calcined cla
y
)•
Steam crac
k
ing
700
–
950;
s
team 150
–
540
2
dr
y
ing
o
iler
>
400 (ga
s
s
id
pump
s
&
c
o
nden
s
ate reu
s
e•
B
i
o
ma
ss
re
s
i-
M
ain
E
nerg
y
-
I
nten
s
iveTemperature
s
(°C)
M
ain C
E
Pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
T
y
pical Pr
o
ce
ss
D
ecarb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n
O
pp
o
rtunitie
s
C
ok
e
o
ven
s
,
s
inter plant
s
, • Shift t
o
s
crap-ba
s
ed
E
A
F
pr
o
ducti
o
n•
bla
s
t furnace (
BF
), ba
s
ic
o
x
y
-
BF
h
o
t bla
s
t 1100
–
1350;Wa
s
te heat rec
o
ver
y
(
s
inter,
BF
s
t
o
ve
s
)•
gen furnace (
BOF
), electric m
o
lten
s
teel 1500
–
1650; H
y
dr
o
gen/electric reheating pil
o
t
s
• Slag
arc furnace (
E
A
F
), reheatingreheating 1100
–
1250 reu
s
e in cement• CCS/CCU
&
digital
effi-
&
r
o
lling mill
s
cienc
y
upgrade
s
R
a
w
milling, preheater/pre-Clin
k
er 1400
–
1450;
• High alternative fuel
s
(
>
80
%
)• Clin
k
er
Cementcalciner, r
o
tar
y
k
iln, clin
k
er flame up t
o
2000;
Wa
s
te heat rec
o
ver
y
•
E
lectrified
k
iln
s
/CCUS
readine
ss
• L
ow
-clin
k
er cement
s
tandard
s
Steam generati
o
n, urnace
s
•
E
lectrif
y
heater
s
/furnace
s
• Heat integrati
o
n
Chemical(crac
k
er
s
, ref
o
rmer
s
), c
o
m-
&
rec
o
ver
y
• Circular feed
s
t
o
c
k
s
(pla
s
tic p
y
r
o
-
&
Petr
o
chemical pre
ss
o
r
s
, di
s
tillati
o
n, h
y
dr
o
- l
y
s
i
s
, bi
o
-ba
s
ed)• C
O
utili
s
ati
o
n
&
CCS•
gen unit
s
E
fficienc
y
upgrade
s
at
O
rlen/
A
z
o
t
y
s
ite
s
D
ige
s
ter
s
, rec
o
ver
y
b
o
iler,
D
ige
s
ter 150
–
180;
•
B
lac
k
liqu
o
r energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
• Heat
Pulp
&
Paperlime
k
iln, paper machine
b
dr
y
ing 100
–
180;
e)
due
s
t
o
bi
o
-pr
o
duct
s
•
E
lectrif
y
lime
k
iln
s
•
Higher rec
y
cled fibre
s
hare
annealing lehr
s
regenerat
o
r
s
~
1550
furnace
s
• Wa
s
te heat rec
o
ver
y
(regenerat
o
r
s
,
B
atch preheating, melting fur-
M
elting 1400
–
1600;
•
I
ncrea
s
e cullet c
o
ntent• H
y
brid/electric
G
la
ss
nace, f
o
rehearth
s
, f
o
rming,f
o
rehearth 700
–
1200;
lehr
s
)• Light
w
eighting
&
pr
o
duct de
s
ign•
CCS readine
ss
o
n large furnace
s
f
o
rmati
o
n
w
ithin br
o
ader
E
U
s
trategic frame- P
o
land 2008-2024
.
The
E
U
s
h
ow
s
an earlier
wo
r
k
s
and t
o
identif
y
k
e
y
leverage p
o
int
s
f
o
r and
s
teadier p
o
lic
y
ev
o
luti
o
n,
w
hile P
o
land’
s
impr
o
ving re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
and reducing pr
o
gre
ss
accelerate
s
after 2015
w
ith the
envir
o
nmental impact
s
.
tran
s
p
o
s
iti
o
n
o
f
E
U directive
s
and ad
o
pti
o
n
F
igure (1) illu
s
trate
s
the pr
o
gre
ss
ive
o
f nati
o
nal C
E
s
trategie
s
, reaching near
alignment bet
w
een the mile
s
t
o
ne
s
e
s
tab-alignment b
y
2024
[
11
].
li
s
hed at the
E
U level defined a
s
maj
o
r pr
o
g- The a
ss
e
ss
ment c
o
ver
s
five
k
e
y
re
s
o
urce-
re
ss
chec
k
p
o
int
s
o
r target
s
agreed up
o
n b
y
inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
:
s
teel and metallurg
y
, ce-
E
U in
s
tituti
o
n
s
and member
s
tate
s
t
o
m
o
nit
o
r ment, chemical and petr
o
chemical, pulp and
the implementati
o
n
o
f
E
U-
w
ide g
o
al
s
, reflect- paper, and gla
ss
.
I
t dra
w
s
o
n the m
o
s
t recent
ing the ev
o
luti
o
n
o
f
E
ur
o
pean Uni
o
n p
o
licie
s
p
o
lic
y
, technical, and
s
tati
s
tical
s
o
urce
s
, in-
(upper part
o
f the
F
igure 1) and the c
o
rre- cluding the
E
ur
o
pean
E
nvir
o
nment
A
genc
y
s
p
o
nding nati
o
nal implementati
o
n mile
s
t
o
ne
s
(
EE
A
)’
s
(C
E
) c
o
untr
y
pr
o
file
–
P
o
land (2024),
in P
o
land (l
ow
er part
o
f the
F
igure 1)
.
I
t Wi
s
e
E
ur
o
pa’
s
P
o
land Heav
y
I
ndu
s
tr
y
D
ecar-
highlight
s
h
ow
P
o
land’
s
(C
E
) frame
wo
r
k
ha
s
b
o
ni
s
ati
o
n
Ro
admap (2024),
s
ect
o
r-
s
pecific
ev
o
lved in parallel
w
ith
E
U directive
s
and
B
e
s
t
A
vailable Technique
s
(
B
A
T) and
B
A
T
s
trategic
o
bjective
s
fr
o
m 2008 t
o
2025
[
1
].
reference d
o
cument
s
, and rep
o
rt
s
fr
o
m the
F
igure (2) c
o
mpare
s
the pr
o
gre
ss
ive de-
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f Climate and
E
nvir
o
nment (2024
–
vel
o
pment
o
f (C
E
) frame
wo
r
k
s
in the
E
U and2025)
[
6
].
137
Go
s
p
o
da
r
k
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
2
22
D
ue t
o
limited cr
o
ss
-
s
ect
o
r data c
o
n
s
i
s
-
tenc
y
, re
s
ult
s
w
ere n
o
rmali
z
ed
o
n a 1
–
10
s
cale t
o
reflect relative pr
o
gre
ss
and perf
o
r-
mance level
s
rather than ab
s
o
lute value
s
[
5
].
Thi
s
meth
o
d pr
o
vide
s
a tran
s
parent, c
o
mpara-
tive vie
w
o
f
s
ect
o
ral tran
s
f
o
rmati
o
n, highlight-
ing
w
here pr
o
gre
ss
i
s
m
o
s
t advanced and
w
here
s
y
s
temic barrier
s
remain
.
Table (1)
pre
s
ent
s
the main techn
o
l
o
gical pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
and
k
e
y
(C
E
), P
o
land relivant decarb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n
o
p-
p
o
rtunitie
s
f
o
r P
o
land’
s
energ
y
-inten
s
ive indu
s
-
trie
s
[
1-6
][
11-13
][
15-18
].
Table (2) pre
s
ent
s
the main techn
o
l
o
gical
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
and
k
e
y
(C
E
), P
o
land relevant de-
carb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n
o
pp
o
rtunitie
s
f
o
r P
o
land’
s
w
a-
ter-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
[
1-6
][
11-13
][
15-18
].
Table (3) pre
s
ent
s
the main techn
o
l
o
gical
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
and
k
e
y
(C
E
), P
o
land relivant de-
carb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n
o
pp
o
rtunitie
s
f
o
r P
o
land’
s
mate-
rial-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
[
1-6
][
11-13
][
15-18
].
Table (4) pre
s
ent
s
C
O
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
fr
o
m
P
o
land’
s
energ
y
-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
(2010
–
2025) and the impact
o
f (C
E
) implementa-
ti
o
n in re
s
o
urce-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
[
1-6
][
11-
13
][
15-18
].
Table (5) pre
s
ent
s
the reducti
o
n
s
achieved in energ
y
u
s
e (
G
J/t),
w
ater c
o
n-
s
umpti
o
n (m³/t), material input (t input/t
pr
o
duct), and C
O
inten
s
it
y
(t C
O
/t pr
o
d-
138
uct)
o
ver the 15-
y
ear peri
o
d (2010
–
2025),
re
s
ulting fr
o
m the implementati
o
n
o
f (C
E
)I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
on:
I
n thi
s
table each value i
s
mea
s
ure
s
acr
o
ss
the menti
o
ned inten
s
ive in- pre
s
ented a
s
ab
s
o
lute
s
aving (2010
→
2025;
du
s
tr
y
s
ect
o
r
s
in P
o
land
[
1-6
][
11-13
][
15-18
].
%
reducti
o
n)
.
F
o
r e
x
ample, 5
.
0 (22
→
17;
T
ab
l
e
(
3
)
M
a
i
n
ma
t
e
ri
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
a
n
d
k
e
y C
E
o
pp
o
rt
un
i
t
i
e
s
T
ab
l
e
(
2
)
M
a
i
n
w
a
t
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
v
e
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
a
n
d
k
e
y
(
C
E)
o
pp
o
rt
un
i
t
i
e
s
I
ndu
s
trial
Sect
o
r
M
ain
M
aterial-
I
nten
s
ive Pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
M
aterial
I
nput
I
nten
s
it
y
(t input / t pr
o
duct)
Ke
y
R
a
w
M
aterial
s
C
E
/
M
aterial
E
fficienc
y
O
pp
o
rtunitie
s
Steel
&
M
etallurg
y
dling
&
rec
y
cling
Ir
on
r
ou
t
e
:
1
.
4
–
1
.
6 t ir
o
n
o
re
+
0
.
4 t c
ok
e
+
0
.
05 t flu
x
→
1 t crude
s
teel
I
r
o
n
o
re, c
ok
ing c
o
al,
s
crap, lime
s
t
o
ne/
•
I
r
o
n
o
re
s
intering/pelleti
z
ing• C
ok
e and
c
o
al f
o
r reducti
o
n•
F
lu
x
e
s
(lime
s
t
o
ne, d
o
l
o
-
mi
t
e
)•
S
c
r
a
p
meltin
g
i
n
E
A
F
•
S
la
g h
a
n-
EA
F r
ou
t
e
:
~
1
.
05 t
s
crap
→
1 t
s
teeld
o
l
o
mite, all
oy
s
•
I
ncrea
s
e
s
crap-ba
s
ed
E
A
F
s
hare (currentl
y
~
40
–
45
%
in P
o
land)• Slag rec
y
cling int
o
cement/
c
o
n
s
tructi
o
n•
D
u
s
t and
s
ludge rec
o
ver
y
f
o
r
Z
n/
F
e•
B
y
-pr
o
duct circular l
oo
p
s
(tar, amm
o
nia,
BF
ga
s
)
Cement
3
~
1
.
5–1
.
6 t r
a
w
ma
t
e
ri
a
l
s
→
1 t clin
k
er
~
1
.
2–1
.
3 t c
li
n
k
e
r
+
add
i
t
i
v
e
s
→
1 t
cement
• Steam crac
k
ing, ref
o
rming, amm
o
nia,
w
ater
Highl
y
variable
:
3
M
e
t
h
a
no
l
:
~
0
.
8 t natural ga
s
→
1 t
M
e
O
H
tha, air,
s
ulfur, cata-
2
C
O
2
)• Wa
s
te-
s
tream val
o
ri
s
ati
o
n (e
.
g
.
, p
y
r
o
l
y
s
i
s
•
Q
uarr
y
ing
&
cru
s
hing (lime
s
t
o
ne, marl, Lime
s
t
o
ne/marl, •
R
eplace clin
k
er
w
ith SC
Ms
(
s
lag, fl
y
a
s
h, calcined
cla
y
)•
R
a
w
meal preparati
o
n• Clin
k
er pr
o
- cla
y
/
s
hale,
s
and, cla
y
)• U
s
e
w
a
s
te-derived ra
w
material
s
(
s
pent f
o
und-
ducti
o
n (calcinati
o
n
o
f CaC
O
)•
A
dditiveir
o
n
o
re, g
y
p
s
um,r
y
s
and, a
s
h)•
Q
uarr
y
rehabilitati
o
n and material
blending (g
y
p
s
um, SC
Ms
) SC
Ms
(
s
lag, fl
y
a
s
h) rec
o
ver
y
• C
O
2
and du
s
t capture f
o
r reu
s
e
•
F
eed
s
t
o
c
k
s
ub
s
tituti
o
n (bi
o
-ba
s
ed, rec
y
cled C
O
,
Chemical
&
fertili
z
er, p
o
l
y
meri
z
ati
o
n•
F
eed
s
t
o
c
k:
A
mm
on
i
a
:
~
0
.
9 t natural ga
s
→
1 t NH
Natural ga
s
, naph- circular pla
s
tic
s
o
il)
•
I
nternal b
y
-pr
o
duct rec
o
ver
y
(H
2
,
Petr
o
chemical h
y
dr
o
carb
o
n
s
, natural ga
s
, naphtha, air (N
2
),
E
t
h
y
l
e
n
e
:
~
3
.
3 t naphtha
→
1 t eth
y
lene
l
y
s
t
s
,
w
ater
o
il
s
)
•
Chemical rec
y
cling
o
f
pla
s
tic
s
•
M
aterial inte-
grati
o
n
w
ithin indu
s
trial clu
s
ter
s
(e
.
g
.
Pł
o
c
k
, Puła
wy
)
• W
oo
d debar
k
ing, chipping
Pulp
&
Paper • Pulping (mechanical
o
r chemical
k
raft)
•
B
leaching• Paper f
o
rming and c
o
ating
3–5 t w
oo
d
(o
r
eq
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
f
i
b
r
e
)
→
1 t pulp
1
.
1–1
.
3 t
p
u
l
p
→
1 t paper
R
ec
y
cled fibre r
o
ute
:
~
1
.
05 t
r
e
c
ov
e
r
ed
pape
r
→
1 t paper
rec
y
cled paper,
chemical
s
(Na
O
H,
Na
2
S, Cl
O
, filler
s
,
W
oo
d (
s
pruce, pine),
•
I
ncrea
s
e rec
y
cled fibre
s
hare (
>
70
%
achievable)•
F
ibre l
o
ss
rec
o
ver
y
and
s
ludge val
o
ri
s
ati
o
n•
A
s
h and
lime mud reu
s
e•
B
i
o
-ba
s
ed chemical rec
o
ver
y
•
2
s
t
a
r
ch
)
Pr
o
duct light
w
eighting and rec
y
clabilit
y
•
B
atch mi
x
ing (
s
ilica
s
and,
s
o
da a
s
h,
G
la
ss
lime
s
t
o
ne, d
o
l
o
mite)•
M
elting and refin-
ing• Cullet additi
o
n
~
12
%
mite, feld
s
par, cullet
Wa
s
te gla
ss
c
o
llecti
o
n
&
DR
S integrati
o
n•
F
ine
s
reu
s
e
1
.
2–1
.
4 t r
a
w
ma
t
e
ri
a
l
s
→
1 t gla
ss
E
achSilica
s
and,
s
o
da
•
I
ncrea
s
e cullet
s
hare (c
o
ntainer gla
ss
up t
o
90
%
)
•
10% c
u
ll
e
t reduce
s
virgin ra
w
need b
y
a
s
h, lime
s
t
o
ne, d
o
l
o
-
a
n
d remelting•
B
a
t
ch
o
ptimi
z
ati
o
n
a
nd du
s
t
re
c
y
cling•
Light
w
eighting
o
f b
o
ttle
s
and flat gla
ss
I
ndu
s
trial
Sect
o
r
M
ain
w
ater-
I
nten
s
ive
Pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
Specific Water U
s
e
(m³ / t pr
o
duct)
F
uncti
o
n
s
/U
s
e
s
o
f
w
ater
Circular /
E
fficienc
y
O
pp
o
rtunitie
s
Steel
&
M
etallurg
y
• C
oo
ling f
o
r
BF
,
BOF
,
E
A
F
, ca
s
ting,
r
o
lling• Wet ga
s
cleaning,
quenching, de
s
caling
5 – 15
m
³
/t cr
u
de
st
ee
l
(
o
lder
o
pen circuit
s
);
<
3
m
³
/t in m
o
dern
recirculating
s
y
s
tem
s
~
90
%
c
oo
ling (indirect
o
r
direct); remainder f
o
r pr
o
-
ce
ss
,
s
team, ga
s
cleaning
• Cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p c
oo
ling (
>
95
%
reu
s
e achievable)
•
D
r
y
ga
s
cleaning•
D
e
s
caling
w
ater rec
y
cling•
C
o
nden
s
ate rec
o
ver
y
Cement
•
E
quipment c
oo
ling• Wet milling and
s
lurr
y
prep (if an
y
) •
D
u
s
t
s
uppre
ss
i
o
n
0
.
1 – 1
.
5
m
³
/t c
li
n
k
e
r
(dr
y
pr
o
ce
ss
at l
ow
er end)
C
oo
ling, du
s
t
c
o
ntr
o
l,
s
ervice
w
ater
•
D
r
y
-pr
o
ce
ss
k
iln
s
• Cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p c
oo
ling•
Q
uarr
y
-pit
&
rain
w
ater reu
s
e•
D
r
y
du
s
t
s
uppre
ss
i
o
n
Chemical
&
Petr
o
chemical
• C
oo
ling t
ow
er
s
, heat e
x
changer
s
•
Steam generati
o
n, pr
o
ce
ss
w
a
s
hing•
F
eed
s
t
o
c
k
purificati
o
n
depending
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
e
.
g
.
amm
o
nia/
fertili
s
er
≈
20
–
40 m³/t;
10
–
100
m
³
/t
p
r
o
d
u
c
t
,
w
id
e r
a
n
g
e
C
oo
ling
>
80
%
;•
R
ecirculating c
oo
ling
s
y
s
tem
s
•
A
dvanced t
ow
er c
o
ntr
o
l•
pr
o
ce
ss
&
w
a
s
hing; b
o
iler Treated-effluent reu
s
e•
M
embrane/
Z
L
D
pil
o
t
s
p
etr
o
c
he
m
ical
s
≈
1
0
–
2
5
m³/t
feed•
I
ndu
s
trial-par
k
w
ater l
oo
p
s
(Pł
o
c
k
, Puła
wy
)
• Pulp
w
a
s
hing, bleaching
Pulp
&
Paper• Paper machine f
o
rming, pre
ss
ing,
dr
y
ing
w
a
s
hing, diluti
o
n,
10 – 50
m
³
/t
pape
r (be
s
t available
Pr
o
ce
ss
w
ater f
o
r
<
10 m³/t; P
o
li
s
h average
≈
20 m³/t)
c
oo
ling;
s
team;
s
eal
w
ater
• White-
w
ater
&
c
o
nden
s
ate reu
s
e• C
o
unter-current
w
a
s
hing• Cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p
w
ater circuit
s
•
D
r
y
f
o
rming
&
impr
o
ved pre
ss
ing
•
F
urnace
&
f
o
rehearth c
oo
ling
G
la
ss
•
M
o
uld and lehr c
oo
ling
• Cullet
w
a
s
hing, ga
s
-
s
crubber
w
ater
1 – 5
m
³
/t
g
l
a
ss (c
o
ntainer gla
ss
≈
1
–
2; flat gla
ss
≈
3
–
5)
C
oo
ling,
w
a
s
hing, quen-
ching
• Cl
o
s
ed-l
oo
p c
oo
ling•
A
ir-c
oo
led
s
y
s
tem
s
•
D
r
y
ga
s
cleaning• Cullet-
w
a
s
h
w
ater reu
s
e
T
ab
l
e
(
4
)
E
st
i
ma
t
ed
C
O
2
r
ed
u
ct
i
on
s
a
n
d
t
h
e
ma
i
n
me
c
h
a
n
i
s
m
s
of
C
O
2
r
ed
u
ct
i
on
s
I
ndu
s
trial Sect
o
r
22
Es
timated C
O
R
educti
o
n
I
ndicative C
O
I
nten
s
it
y
b
y
C
E
A
cti
o
n
s
Change
(t
C
O
2
/t
pr
o
duct)
M
echani
s
m
s
o
f
R
educti
o
n
&
M
etallurg
y
v
s
2010 ba
s
eline
• U
s
ing
s
crap av
o
id
s
C
O
2
fr
o
m
o
re
S
tee
l15
–
25
%
r
e
du
cti
o
n
2010
≈
2
.
0
→
2025
≈
1
.
6reducti
o
n•
R
educed c
ok
e u
s
e•
E
nerg
y
s
aving
s
fr
o
m rec
y
cling r
o
ute
s
2
Chemical
&
Petr
o
chemical
• L
ow
er clin
k
er rati
o
cut
s
pr
o
ce
ss
(calcina-
Cement20
–
30
%
reducti
o
n2010
≈
0
.
75
→
2025
≈
0
.
55 ti
o
n) C
O
• Wa
s
te-derived fuel
s
o
ff
s
et f
o
s
-
s
il C
O
2
•
E
fficienc
y
impr
o
vement
s
•
R
ec
y
cled/bi
o
genic feed
s
t
o
c
k
s
l
ow
er
10
–
15
%
reducti
o
n2010
≈
1
.
5
→
2025
≈
1
.
3 Sc
o
pe 1
&
3 emi
ss
i
o
n
s
• Pr
o
ce
ss
integra-
ti
o
n reduce
s
fuel u
s
e
•
R
ec
y
cled fibre av
o
id
s
f
o
re
s
t carb
o
n
Pulp
&
Paper25
–
35
%
reducti
o
n2010
≈
0
.
9
→
2025
≈
0
.
6emi
ss
i
o
n
s
•
B
i
o
ma
ss
fuel
s
replace f
o
ss
il
heat• Heat rec
o
ver
y
l
ow
er
s
f
o
ss
il energ
y
2
•
E
ach 10
%
cullet reduce
s
furnace C
O
G
la
ss
15
–
25
%
reducti
o
n2010
≈
0
.
8
→
2025
≈
0
.
6
≈
5
%
•
E
lectric/h
y
brid melting l
ow
er
s
f
o
s
-
s
il c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
(
m
³
/t
)
i
n
p
u
t/t
p
r
o
d
u
c
2
(
t C
O
2
/t
p
r
o
d
u
ct
T
ab
l
e
(
5
)
R
ed
u
ct
i
on
s
a
c
h
i
e
v
ed
i
n
e
n
e
r
g
y
,
w
a
t
e
r
,
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
c
on
s
u
mp
t
i
on
a
n
d
r
ed
u
ct
i
on
of
C
O
2
I
n
du
s
trial Sect
o
r Saved
E
ner
g
y
(
G
J
/
t
)
S
a
v
ed
W
a
t
e
r
(
t
S
a
v
ed
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
t
)
R
ed
u
ct
i
on
of
C
O
)
S
t
ee
l
&
M
e
t
a
ll
u
r
g
y
5
.
0 (22
→
17;
≈
23%)5
.
0 (10
→
5; 50%) 0
.
16 (1
.
50
→
1
.
34;
≈
11%) 0
.
40 (2
.
0
→
1
.
6; 20%)
0
.
20
C
eme
n
t0
.
6 (3
.
6
→
3
.
0;
≈
17%) 0
.
5 (1
.
0
→
0
.
5; 50%) 0
.
18 (1
.
55
→
1
.
37;
≈
12%)
(0
.
75
→
0
.
55;
≈
27
%
)
C
h
em
i
c
a
l
&
P
e
tr
o
c
h
em
i
c
a
l
4
.
0 (32
→
28;
≈
13%) 7
.
0 (35
→
28;
≈
20%) 0
.
26 (3
.
00
→
2
.
74;
≈
9%) 0
.
20 (1
.
5
→
1
.
3;
≈
13%)
3
.
0
0
.
30
Pu
l
p
&
P
ape
r
(
12
.
5
→
9
.
5
;
≈
24%
)
13
.
0 (25
→
12;
≈
52%) 0
.
17 (1
.
25
→
1
.
08;
≈
14%)
(0
.
9
→
0
.
6;
≈
33%)
0
.
20
G
l
a
ss3
.
5 (16
→
12
.
5;
≈
22%) 1
.
0 (3
.
0
→
2
.
0;
≈
33%) 0
.
15 (1
.
25
→
1
.
10;
≈
12%)
(0
.
8
→
0
.
6;
≈
25%)
G
G
≈
23
%
) mean
s
that inten
s
it
y
fell fr
o
m 22 t
o
17
unit
s
per t
o
nne,
s
aving 5 unit
s
.
S
o
23
%
de-
crea
s
e
o
ver 2010
–
2025
.
The
s
ame f
o
rmat
applie
s
t
o
energ
y
(
G
J/t),
w
ater (m³/t), mate-
rial
s
(t/t), and C
O
2
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
(t C
O
2
/t)
.
P
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
of
R
e
s
u
l
ts
2
The re
s
ult
s
o
f the anal
y
s
i
s
s
h
ow
that im-
plementing (C
E
) mea
s
ure
s
ha
s
led t
o
mea-
s
urable reducti
o
n
s
in energ
y
,
w
ater, mate-
rial, and C
O
inten
s
it
y
acr
o
ss
P
o
land’
s
re-
s
o
urce-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
bet
w
een 2010
and 2025
.
The greate
s
t impr
o
vement
s
o
c-
curred in the cement and
s
teel
s
ect
o
r
s
, driv-
en b
y
acti
o
n
s
s
uch a
s
w
a
s
te heat rec
o
ver
y
,
material
s
ub
s
tituti
o
n, and
s
crap-ba
s
ed pr
o
-
ducti
o
n
.
I
n c
o
ntra
s
t, the chemical and petr
o
-
chemical
s
ect
o
r
s
s
h
ow
ed
s
l
ow
er pr
o
gre
ss
due t
o
high energ
y
demand
s
and limited
s
ub
s
tituti
o
n
o
pti
o
n
s
.
O
verall, C
E
-driven
mea
s
ure
s
o
utperf
o
rmed ba
s
eline trend
s
,
c
o
nfirming their e
ss
ential r
o
le in advancing
indu
s
trial efficienc
y
and decarb
o
ni
s
ati
o
n in
P
o
land
.
The
F
igure
s
3, 4, 5 bel
ow
pre
s
ent
the energ
y
,
w
ater, material inten
s
it
y
trend
b
y
menti
o
ned indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
(2010-
2025)
[
1-6
][
11-13
][
15-18
].
2
F
igure (6)
s
h
ow
s
P
o
land’
s
E
nerg
y
inten
s
it
y
reducti
o
n and C
O
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
inten
s
it
y
f
o
r the
menti
o
ned indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
(2010-2025) v
s
.
(2010) ba
s
eline
[
1-6
][
11-13
][
15-18
].
F
igure (7) pre
s
ent
s
t
wo
line chart
s
illu
s
-
trating trend
s
in rec
y
cling and circular
mate-rial u
s
e in P
o
land fr
o
m 2010 t
o
2025
acr
o
ss
five indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
[
1-6
][
11-
13
][
15-18
].
The data repre
s
ent the
s
hare
o
f
material re-
s
o
urce
s
rec
o
vered fr
o
m
w
a
s
te
and reintr
o
-duced int
o
the ec
o
n
o
m
y
relative
t
o
t
o
tal ma-terial u
s
e
.
The left chart
s
h
ow
s
nati
o
nal rec
y
-cling and circular material u
s
e
trend
s
(2010
–
2025),
w
hile the right chart
illu
s
trate
s
the pr
o
gre
ss
in rec
y
cling rate
s
b
y
s
ect
o
r b
y
s
ect
o
r
o
ver the
s
ame peri
o
d,
mea
s
uring the pr
o
p
o
r-ti
o
n
o
f
w
a
s
te
material
s
that are c
o
llected, pr
o
ce
ss
ed,
and reintegrated int
o
pr
o
ducti
o
n
.
F
igure (8)
illu
s
trate
s
the l
o
ng-term trend
s
in rec
y
cling, circular material u
s
e, and land-
filling in P
o
land fr
o
m 2010 t
o
2035,
s
h
ow
ing
an e
x
pected
s
hift t
ow
ard m
o
re
s
u
s
tainable
w
a
s
te management practice
s
.
The figure al
s
o
pre
s
ent
s
the
s
hare
o
f t
o
tal
w
a
s
te di
s
p
o
s
ed
o
f
in landfill
s
, indicating the e
x
tent t
o
w
hich
w
a
s
te management relie
s
o
n land burial
rather than material rec
o
ver
y
o
r rec
y
cling
.
F
igure (8) indicate
s
that P
o
land i
s
e
x
pect-
ed t
o
underg
o
a
s
ignificant tran
s
iti
o
n t
ow
ard
a (C
E
),
w
ith rec
y
cling and material reu
s
e pr
o
-
jected t
o
ri
s
e
s
teadil
y
w
hile landfilling i
s
antici-
pated t
o
decline rapidl
y.
The trend
s
ugge
s
t
s
that b
y
2035, P
o
land c
o
uld have a high-rec
y
-
cling, l
ow
-landfill
w
a
s
te management
s
y
s
tem
w
ith a
s
tr
o
ng circular material l
oo
p
.
D
i
sc
u
ss
i
on
of
R
e
s
u
l
ts
2
2
2
2
Thi
s
s
tud
y
c
o
n
s
o
lidate
s
evidence
o
n ener-
g
y
,
w
ater, material, and C
O
inten
s
it
y
trend
s
acr
o
ss
P
o
land’
s
five energ
y
-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
s
teel and metallurg
y
, cement, chemical and
petr
o
chemical, pulp and paper, and gla
ss
bet
w
een 2010 and 2025, u
s
ing benchmar
k
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
tent
w
ith
E
U (
B
A
T) and (
B
R
EF
), nati
o
nal
and internati
o
nal
s
tati
s
tic
s
and
s
o
urce
s
.
I
n
st
ee
l
a
n
d
me
t
a
ll
u
r
g
y, greater u
s
e
o
f
electric-arc furnace
s
,
s
crap rec
y
cling, and
heat rec
o
ver
y
reduced energ
y
and C
O
in-
ten
s
it
y
b
y
r
o
ughl
y
20
–
25
%
and
w
ater u
s
e
b
y
o
ver 50
%
.
I
n
t
h
e
c
eme
n
t s
e
ct
o
r, clin
k
er
s
ub
s
titu-
ti
o
n, alternative fuel
s
, and
w
a
s
te-heat rec
o
v-
er
y
s
upp
o
rted 15
–
20
%
energ
y
and 25
–
30
%
C
O
s
aving
s
.
C
h
em
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
pe
tr
o
c
h
em
i
c
a
l
plant
s
impr
o
ved heat integrati
o
n and ad
o
pted cir-
cular feed
s
t
o
c
k
s
, achieving ar
o
und 10
–
15
%
efficienc
y
gain
s
.
T
h
e
p
u
l
p
a
n
d
pape
r indu
s
tr
y
reduced
energ
y
b
y
20
–
30
%
,
w
ater b
y
up t
o
50
%
,
and C
O
b
y
25
–
35
%
thr
o
ugh fibre rec
y
-
cling, circuit cl
o
s
ure, and bi
o
energ
y
u
s
e
.
I
n
g
l
a
ss
ma
nuf
a
ct
u
r
i
n
g
, higher cullet
rati
o
s
and h
y
brid/electric furnace
s
enabled
15
–
25
%
energ
y
and C
O
2
reducti
o
n
s
.
139
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
3
)
Po
l
a
n
d
’
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ty tr
e
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
4
)
Po
l
a
n
d
’
s w
a
t
e
r
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ty tr
e
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
5
)
Po
l
a
n
d
’
s
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ty tr
e
n
d
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
6
)
Po
l
a
n
d
’
s
e
n
e
r
g
y
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ty r
ed
u
ct
i
on
(on
l
e
f
t
)
a
n
d
C
O
2
em
i
ss
i
on
s
i
n
t
e
n
s
i
ty
(on
r
i
g
h
t
)
v
s
.
(
2010
)
ba
s
e
li
n
e
Go
s
p
o
da
r
k
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
G
s
o
urce management, regulat
o
r
y
align-
ment
w
ith
E
U p
o
licie
s
, and the gradual
tice
s
.
n
A
cr
o
ss
the
s
teel and metallurg
y
, cement,
chemical and petr
o
chemical, pulp and
gradual pr
o
gre
ss
in energ
y
efficienc
y
,
re
s
o
urce
o
ptimi
z
ati
o
n, and emi
ss
i
o
n re-
n
O
verall, the
s
ect
o
r
s
achieved 15
–
30
%
2
Pr
o
gre
ss
remain
s
uneven acr
o
ss
s
ect
o
r
s
,
cembureau
.
eu
.
C
ircular ec
o
n
o
m
y
in P
o
land
:
G
oo
d practice
s
A
s
illu
s
trated in
F
igure (8), P
o
land i
s
e
x
-techn
o
l
o
gical inn
o
vati
o
n and
s
tr
o
nger
periencing a d
y
namic tran
s
iti
o
n t
ow
ardregulat
o
r
y
and financial
s
upp
o
rt
.
a (C
E
)
.
R
ec
y
cling and reu
s
e rate
s
are
s
teadi-
A
chieving P
o
land’
s
2050 climate and
l
y
increa
s
ing,
w
hile landfilling i
s
rapidl
y
de-
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
g
o
al
s
i
s
e
x
pected t
o
require
clining
.
I
f current trend
s
c
o
ntinue, P
o
land i
s
deeper integrati
o
n
o
f the (C
E
), br
o
ader de-
e
x
pected t
o
e
s
tabli
s
h b
y
2035 a highl
y
rec
y
- pl
oy
ment
o
f l
ow
-carb
o
n techn
o
l
o
gie
s
, and
cling-
o
riented, l
ow
-landfill
w
a
s
te manage- enhanced cr
o
ss
-
s
ect
o
r c
o
llab
o
rati
o
n
.
ment
s
y
s
tem
s
upp
o
rted b
y
a r
o
bu
s
t circular
material fl
ow.
A
ck
no
w
l
edgeme
n
t
:
Thi
s
re
s
earch
w
a
s
carried
o
ut in parallel
w
ith the
[
iW
A
Y
S
]
C
on
c
l
u
s
i
on:
E
ur
o
pean pr
o
ject, under grant agreement
N
o.
[
958274
].
The vie
w
s
and
o
pini
o
n
s
e
x
-
The main
o
utc
o
me
s
o
f thi
s
re
s
earch canpre
ss
ed are th
o
s
e
o
f the auth
o
r
s
o
nl
y
and d
o
be
s
ummari
z
ed in the f
o
ll
ow
ing
k
e
y
p
o
int
s
:
n
o
t nece
ss
aril
y
reflect th
o
s
e
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean
n
The anal
y
s
i
s
reveal
s
m
o
derate but
s
tead
y
Uni
o
n
o
r the
E
ur
o
pean
Co
mmi
ss
i
o
n
.
Neither
impr
o
vement
s
in energ
y
,
w
ater, material,the
E
ur
o
pean Uni
o
n n
o
r the granting auth
o
r-
and emi
ss
i
o
n
s
perf
o
rmance acr
o
ss
P
o
-it
y
can be held re
s
p
o
n
s
ible f
o
r them
.
land’
s
energ
y
-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
be-
t
w
een 2010 and 2025,
w
hich are driven
R
E
F
E
R
E
N C
E
S
:
mainl
y
b
y
(C
E
) initiative
s
, impr
o
ved re-
[
1
]
A
bba
s
M
.
F
.
;
A
bba
s
Z
.
;
G
o
dle
w
s
k
a J
.
; P
o
tential
o
f
I
ndu
s
trial S
y
mbi
o
s
i
s
T
ow
ard
s
C
ircular
E
c
o
n
o
-
m
y
–
A
C
a
s
e
o
f P
o
land;
A
cadem
y
o
f
M
anage-
ad
o
pti
o
n
o
f
s
u
s
tainable indu
s
trial prac-
ment; 2024; 8(3); 302
–
310;
D
O
I
:
10
.
24427/
a
z
-2024-0049
.
[
2
]
A
nni
s
a
A.
; Su
s
tainable mar
k
eting and the circu-
lar ec
o
n
o
m
y
in P
o
land; Teaching in Higher
E
ducati
o
n; 2024; Ta
y
l
o
r
&
F
ranci
s
;
D
O
I
:
paper, and gla
ss
s
ect
o
r
s
, the data
s
h
ow
10
.
1080/13562517
.
2024
.
0000000
.
[
3
]
C
E
P
I
; Ke
y
s
tati
s
tic
s
2023
:
E
ur
o
pean pulp and
paper indu
s
tr
y
;
B
ru
ss
el
s
:
C
o
nfederati
o
n
o
f
E
ur
o
pean Paper
I
ndu
s
trie
s
; 2023; http
s
:
//
ducti
o
n, alth
o
ugh the
s
cale and pace
o
f
www.
cepi
.o
rg
.
impr
o
vement varied b
y
indu
s
tr
y.
[
4
]
C
EMB
U
R
E
A
U;
A
ctivit
y
rep
o
rt 2023
:
D
ecarb
o
-
ni
s
ing
E
ur
o
pe’
s
cement
s
ect
o
r;
B
ru
ss
el
s
:
The
reducti
o
n
s
in energ
y
and C
O
inten
s
it
y
E
ur
o
pean Cement
A
ss
o
ciati
o
n; 2023; http
s
:
//
and up t
o
40
–
50
%
w
ater
s
aving
s
, re-
[
5
]
C
z
er
w
i
o
n
k
a K
.
; K
o
łec
k
a K
.
; Ka
s
pr
z
yk
M
.
;
F
it
o
-
flecting gr
ow
ing alignment
w
ith (C
E
)
b
ó
r K
.
; Wiliń
s
k
a-Li
s
ow
s
k
a
A.
;
G
aje
w
s
k
a
M
.
;
principle
s
and
E
U
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
p
o
licie
s
.
and rec
o
mmendati
o
n
s
— ca
s
e
s
tud
y
; J
o
urnal
o
f
n
E
c
o
l
o
gical
E
ngineering; 2025; 26(3); 166
–
140
under
s
c
o
ring the need f
o
r c
o
ntinued
176;
D
O
I
:
10
.
12911/22998993/199698
.
[
6
]
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n;
Co
mmi
ss
i
o
n
I
mplemen-
ting
D
eci
s
i
o
n
(
E
U
)
2024/2974
o
f 29 N
o
vem-
ber 2024 e
s
tabli
s
hing
B
A
T c
o
nclu
s
i
o
n
s
f
o
r f
o
un-
drie
s
pr
o
ducing large ca
s
ting
s
and certain
s
teel
&
aluminium f
o
undrie
s
; 2024; http
s
:
//data
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/eli/dec_impl/2024/2974/
o
j
.
[
7
]
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n; Pac
k
aging and Pac
k
a-
ging Wa
s
te
R
egulati
o
n
(R
egulati
o
n
(
E
U
)
2025/40
)
;
O
fficial J
o
urnal
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean
Uni
o
n; 2025; L 15/1 (11
F
ebruar
y
2025);
http
s
:
//g
s
1
.
eu/
w
p-c
o
ntent/upl
o
-
ad
s
/2024/06/
G
S1-in-
E
ur
o
pe-Pac
k
aging--
A
ctivit
y
-2024
.
pdf
.
[
8
]
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n; P
o
land —
D
raft upda-
ted Nati
o
nal
E
nerg
y
and
C
limate Plan
(
N
E
C
P
)
2021
–
2030; Publicati
o
n
s
O
ffice
o
f the
E
U;
2024; http
s
:
//c
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/
.
[
9
]
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n; Nati
o
nal
E
nerg
y
and
C
limate Plan
s
; 2025; http
s
:
//c
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/energ
y
-climate-change-envir
o
n-
ment/implementati
o
n-eu-c
o
untrie
s
/energ
y
--
and-climate-g
o
vernance-and-rep
o
rting/
nati
o
nal-energ
y
-and-climate-plan
s
_en
.
[
10
]
E
ur
o
pean
E
nvir
o
nment
A
genc
y
(
EE
A
);
C
ircular
ec
o
n
o
m
y
c
o
untr
y
pr
o
file 2024
–
P
o
land;
EE
A
/
E
TC-C
E
; 2024; http
s
:
//
www.
eea
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/
.
[
11
]
E
ur
o
pean
E
nvir
o
nment
A
genc
y
(
EE
A
);
C
ircular
ec
o
n
o
m
y
c
o
untr
y
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FE
V
E
–
E
ur
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o
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n;
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s
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F
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A
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al
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al
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-
bre-L
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Z
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M
.
L
.
;
B
arbuţa-
M
i
ş
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.
;
E
c
o
n
o
mic, techn
o
l
o
gical and envir
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nmental
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o
f the circular ec
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n
o
m
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C
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Co
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f Selected
Sect
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o
r
Co
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Serie
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n
R
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E
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E
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n
F
i
g
u
r
e
(
8
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Po
l
a
n
d
’
s
(
C
E)
tr
a
n
s
-
fo
r
ma
t
i
on
(
2010–
2035
)
F
igure (7)
R
ec
y
cling and circular material u
s
e in P
o
land (2010
–
2025),
n
ati
o
nal rec
y
cling and circular u
s
e (
o
n left) and
rec
y
cling rate pr
o
gre
ss
b
y
s
ect
o
r (
o
n right)
