www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl12/2025131
Go
s
p
o
da
r
k
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
R
e
s
ea
r
c
h
t
o
p
i
c
a
n
d
p
u
r
p
o
s
e
Circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
) ha
s
a
ss
umed
gr
ow
ing
s
ignificance in recent
y
ear
s
, re-
flecting the urgent need f
o
r
s
u
s
tainable re-
s
o
urce management and envir
o
nmental
s
u
s
tainabilit
y.
I
n line
w
ith thi
s
, the
E
ur
o
pean
G
reen
D
eal call
s
f
o
r
s
ub
s
tantial emi
ss
i
o
n
s
reducti
o
n
s
,
s
u
s
tainable indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
,
f
oo
d
s
y
s
tem
s
, and bi
o
diver
s
it
y
pr
o
tecti
o
n,
o
utlining the
E
U’
s
g
o
al t
o
achieve climate
neutralit
y
b
y
2050 and be
yo
nd
[
3
].
The
E
U directive and related rec
o
m-
mendati
o
n
s
highlight that man
y
o
f the
k
e
y
challenge
s
in the tran
s
iti
o
n t
o
a circular
ec
o
n
o
m
y
rev
o
lve ar
o
und
w
a
s
te, it
s
gen-
erati
o
n, reu
s
e, and di
s
p
o
s
al
.
I
n fact,
the
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n c
o
n
s
ider
s
w
a
s
te management a
s
trategic pri
o
rit
y
acr
o
ss
all 28
E
U
M
ember State
s
in facili-
tating the
s
hift fr
o
m a linear t
o
a circular
ec
o
n
o
m
y.
The
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n in 2023
defined the circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
) a
s
a pr
o
ducti
o
n and c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
s
y
s
tem that
pri
o
riti
z
e
s
the c
o
ntinual u
s
e
o
f material
s
and pr
o
duct
s
, thereb
y
e
x
tending their life
c
y
cle
.
Thi
s
s
hift i
s
e
ss
ential f
o
r the
E
U’
s
tran
s
iti
o
n t
ow
ard
s
u
s
tainable devel
o
p-
ment,
w
ith C
E
m
o
del
s
pla
y
ing a central
Thi
s
s
tud
y
evaluate
s
the pr
o
gre
ss
o
f Circular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
) implementati
o
n acr
o
ss
s
elected
E
ur
o
pean Uni
o
n (
E
U)
M
ember State
s
G
erman
y
,
F
rance,
I
tal
y
, Spain, P
o
land, the Netherland
s
, and S
w
eden u
s
ing a multi-indicat
o
r anal
y
tical
frame
wo
r
k
o
ver ten-
y
ear peri
o
d fr
o
m 2013 t
o
2023
.
F
o
ur
k
e
y
indicat
o
r
s
are applied t
o
a
ss
e
ss
nati
o
nal circular
perf
o
rmance
:
Circular
M
aterial U
s
e
R
ate (C
M
U
R
),
M
aterial
F
oo
tprint (
MF
), Water Saving
s
P
o
tential (WSP), and
E
nerg
y
R
ec
o
ver
y
P
o
tential (
E
R
P)
.
R
e
s
ult
s
reveal
s
ub
s
tantial di
s
paritie
s
in circular tran
s
iti
o
n level
s
.
The Netherland
s
and
I
tal
y
emerge a
s
leader
s
, dem
o
n
s
trating high C
M
U
R
value
s
, efficient material u
s
e, and advanced rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
F
rance,
G
erman
y
, and Spain
s
h
ow
m
o
derate but uneven pr
o
gre
ss
,
w
hile P
o
land and S
w
eden remain bel
ow
E
U average
s
,
indicating per
s
i
s
tent circularit
y
and efficienc
y
gap
s
.
A
c
o
mp
o
s
ite inde
x
and tiered ran
k
ing
s
tructure c
o
nfirm a pr
o
n
o
unced
a
s
y
mmetr
y
bet
w
een We
s
tern-S
o
uthern and Central-N
o
rdic regi
o
n
s
.
The
o
utc
o
me
s
o
f thi
s
paper indicate that, de
s
pite
pr
o
gre
ss
in implementing the
E
U’
s
circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
g
o
al
s
, the level
o
f their implementati
o
n varie
s
acr
o
ss
the member
s
tate
s
.
A
chieving the 2050 C
E
target
s
and
s
u
s
taining pr
o
gre
ss
be
yo
nd
w
ill require
s
tr
o
nger c
oo
rdinati
o
n bet
w
een
nati
o
nal and
E
U
s
trategie
s
, greater indu
s
trial
s
y
mbi
o
s
i
s
, and
s
u
s
tained inve
s
tment in circular infra
s
tructure and inn
o
vati
o
n
.
Ke
y
wo
rd
s
:
C
ircular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indicat
o
r
s
, re
s
o
urce
s
inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
,
w
ater
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
,
w
a
s
te management,
energ
y
rec
o
ver
W niniej
s
z
y
m
o
prac
ow
aniu d
oko
nan
o
o
cen
y
p
o
s
tęp
ów
w
e
w
dra
ż
aniu g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m (
GO
Z
)
w
wy
bran
y
ch pań
s
t
w
ach c
z
ł
o
n
kow
s
k
ich Unii
E
ur
o
pej
s
k
iej (U
E
)
:
Niemc
z
ech,
F
rancji, Wł
o
s
z
ech, Hi
s
z
panii, P
o
l
s
ce,
H
o
landii i S
z
w
ecji,
wyko
r
z
y
s
tując
w
iel
ow
s
k
a
ź
ni
kow
e ram
y
analit
y
c
z
ne
w
ok
re
s
ie d
z
ie
s
ięciu lat
o
d 2013 r
.
d
o
2023 r
.
Do
o
cen
y
k
raj
owy
ch
wy
ni
ków
w
z
a
k
re
s
ie g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m
z
a
s
t
o
s
ow
an
o
c
z
ter
y
k
luc
z
ow
e
w
s
k
a
ź
ni
k
i
:
w
s
k
a
ź
ni
k
wyko
r
z
y
s
tania materiał
ów
w
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m (C
M
U
R
),
ś
lad materiał
owy
(
MF
), p
o
tencjał
o
s
z
c
z
ędn
o
ś
ci
wo
d
y
(WSP) i p
o
tencjał
o
d
z
y
s
k
u energii (
E
R
P)
.
W
y
ni
k
i
w
s
k
a
z
ują na
z
nac
z
ne r
ó
ż
nice
w
p
o
z
i
o
mach pr
z
ej
ś
cia na g
o
s
p
o
-
dar
k
ę
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m
.
H
o
landia i Wł
o
ch
y
wy
s
u
w
ają
s
ię na p
o
z
y
cję lider
ów
,
wyk
a
z
ując
wy
s
ok
ie
w
art
o
ś
ci
C
M
U
R
, efe
k
t
yw
ne
wyko
r
z
y
s
tanie materiał
ów
i
z
aa
w
an
s
ow
ane
s
y
s
tem
y
o
d
z
y
s
k
u
.
F
rancja, Niemc
y
i Hi
s
z
pania
wyk
a
z
u-
ją umiar
kow
an
y
, ale nier
ów
n
o
miern
y
p
o
s
tęp, p
o
dc
z
a
s
gd
y
P
o
l
s
k
a i S
z
w
ecja p
o
z
o
s
tają p
o
ni
ż
ej
ś
redniej U
E
, c
o
w
s
k
a
z
u-
je na utr
z
y
mujące
s
ię r
ó
ż
nice
w
z
a
k
re
s
ie g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m i efe
k
t
yw
n
o
ś
ci
.
Z
ł
o
ż
o
n
y
inde
k
s
i
w
iel
o
p
o
z
i
o
-
m
ow
a
s
tru
k
tura ran
k
ing
ow
a p
o
t
w
ierd
z
ają
wy
ra
ź
ną a
s
y
metrię międ
z
y
regi
o
nami
z
ach
o
dni
o
-p
o
łudni
owy
mi a
ś
r
o
d
kowo
--
n
o
rd
y
c
k
imi
.
W
y
ni
k
i niniej
s
z
ej anali
z
y
w
s
k
a
z
ują,
ż
e mim
o
p
o
s
tęp
ów
w
reali
z
acji cel
ów
U
E
d
o
t
y
c
z
ąc
y
ch g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m, p
o
z
i
o
m ich
w
dra
ż
ania je
s
t
z
r
ó
ż
nic
ow
an
y
w
p
o
s
z
c
z
eg
ó
ln
y
ch pań
s
t
w
ach c
z
ł
o
n
kow
s
k
ich
.
Os
ią-
gnięcie cel
ów
g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m na r
ok
2050 będ
z
ie
wy
magać
s
koo
rd
y
n
ow
an
y
ch
s
trategii
k
raj
owy
ch
i unijn
y
ch, lep
s
z
ej
s
y
mbi
o
z
y
pr
z
em
y
s
ł
ow
ej
o
ra
z
in
w
e
s
t
y
cji
w
infra
s
tru
k
turę i inn
ow
acje
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m
.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
w
s
k
a
ź
ni
k
i g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
i
o
o
biegu
z
am
k
nięt
y
m, pr
z
em
y
s
ł
y
z
a
s
o
b
o
chł
o
nne,
z
r
ów
n
ow
a
ż
enie
wo
dne,
g
o
s
p
o
dar
k
a
o
dpadami,
o
d
z
y
s
k
energii
pr
o
f
.
dr hab
.
in
ż
.
M
arder
o
s
A
ra Sa
y
egh http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0002-1055-5160,
pr
o
f
.
dr hab
.
in
ż
.
Jan
D
aniele
w
ic
z
http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0002-4418-8485
–
Katedra Klimat
y
z
acji,
O
gr
z
e
w
nict
w
a,
G
ó
rnict
w
a
I
O
chr
o
n
y
P
ow
ietr
z
a, W
y
d
z
iał
I
n
z
y
nierii Śr
o
d
ow
i
s
k
a, P
o
litechni
k
a Wr
o
cła
w
s
k
a
.
A
ut
o
r d
o
ko
re
s
p
o
ndencji/ C
o
rre
s
p
o
nding auth
o
r
:
ara
.
s
a
y
egh
@
p
w
r
.
edu
.
pl
C
ir
c
u
l
a
r
E
c
ono
m
y
i
n
S
e
l
e
ct
ed
E
U C
oun
t
ri
e
s
:
P
r
o
g
r
e
ss
a
n
d
G
ap
s
Go
s
p
o
da
r
k
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
w wy
b
r
a
n
yc
h
k
r
a
j
a
c
h
U
E:
p
o
st
ęp
y
i
wy
z
w
a
n
i
a
M
ARD
E
R
O
S
ARA
S
A
YEG
H, J
A
N
DA
N
I
E
L
E
W
I
C
Z
DO
I 10
.
36119/15
.
2025
.
12
.
24
G
o
s
p
o
da
rk
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
/C
i
rc
u
l
a
r
e
c
ono
m
y
G
r
o
le
.
The c
o
mple
x
it
y
o
f the (C
E
) require
s
the
u
s
e
o
f multidimen
s
i
o
nal indicat
o
r
s
t
o
mea-
s
ure and a
ss
e
ss
it
s
impact
s
, particularl
y
at
the micr
o
level,
w
hile
s
imultane
o
u
s
l
y
pr
o
-
m
o
ting inn
o
vative bu
s
ine
ss
m
o
del
s
in the
indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
, agricultural, urban and t
o
impr
o
ve re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
[
1
].
Circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indicat
o
r
s
are e
s
-
s
ential t
oo
l
s
f
o
r a
ss
e
ss
ing pr
o
gre
ss
t
ow
ard
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
g
o
al
s
.
The
s
e indicat
o
r
s
are
managed b
y
g
o
vernment in
s
tituti
o
n
s
, inter-
nati
o
nal
o
rgani
z
ati
o
n
s
, and n
o
n-pr
o
fit en-
titie
s
inv
o
lved in
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
and envir
o
n-
mental a
ss
e
ss
ment
.
T
o
mea
s
ure pr
o
gre
ss
t
ow
ard an ec
o
-
n
o
mic frame
wo
r
k
that inc
o
rp
o
rate
s
circu-
larit
y
c
o
ncept
s
acr
o
ss
different c
o
untrie
s
and
s
ect
o
r
s
s
uch a
s
indu
s
tr
y
, agriculture
and urban devel
o
pment a range
o
f indica-
t
o
r
s
i
s
c
o
mm
o
nl
y
u
s
ed
.
The value
s
o
f the
s
e
indicat
o
r
s
are regularl
y
rep
o
rted, pr
o
vid-
ing relevant and up-t
o
-date inf
o
rmati
o
n
.
E
U c
o
untrie
s
s
tr
o
ngl
y
empha
s
i
z
e the
need t
o
a
ss
e
ss
pr
o
gre
ss
in the circular
ec
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
) tran
s
iti
o
n thr
o
ugh the u
s
e
o
f
C
E
indicat
o
r
s
at vari
o
u
s
level
s
.
Several
pr
o
p
o
s
ed indicat
o
r
s
can al
s
o
be ad
o
pted
b
y
o
ther c
o
untrie
s
t
o
help p
o
lic
y
ma
k
er
s
s
hape nati
o
nal m
o
nit
o
ring frame
wo
r
k
s
.
H
ow
ever, t
o
evaluate the tran
s
f
o
rmati
o
n
pr
o
ce
ss
at the
E
ur
o
pean level and enable
c
o
mpari
s
o
n
s
bet
w
een c
o
untrie
s
, it i
s
rec-
o
mmended t
o
u
s
e
E
ur
o
pean C
E
m
o
nit
o
r-
ing frame
wo
r
k
, a
s
it
o
ffer
s
a
s
tandardi
z
ed
s
et
o
f indicat
o
r
s
that en
s
ure c
o
n
s
i
s
tent data
and pr
o
vide a h
o
li
s
tic vie
w
acr
o
ss
all
E
ur
o
-
pean c
o
untrie
s
[
2
].
B
o
th
E
U and P
o
li
s
h
s
ect
o
r
s
pecific la
w
s
drive circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
implementati
o
n thr
o
ugh binding regula-
ti
o
n
s
and nati
o
nal mea
s
ure
s
.
The
s
e la
w
s
imp
o
s
e technical, pr
o
ce
ss
, and pr
o
duct
requirement
s
f
o
r
w
ater-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
,
pac
k
aging, electr
o
nic
s
, pla
s
tic
s
etc
.
[
10
].
H
ow
ever, there are
s
till n
o
table
k
n
ow
l-
edge gap
s
in identif
y
ing circularit
y
ap-
pr
o
ache
s
, circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
)
s
trate-
gie
s
, and their implementati
o
n acr
o
ss
vari
o
u
s
s
ect
o
r
s
.
A
s
re
s
earch
o
n C
E
imple-
mentati
o
n c
o
ntinue
s
t
o
gr
ow
, the unre-
s
o
lved que
s
ti
o
n
s
remain diver
s
e
.
I
n thi
s
c
o
nte
x
t, the literature empha
s
i
z
e
s
an in-
crea
s
ing demand f
o
r m
o
re c
o
n
s
i
s
tent cir-
cular practice
s
am
o
ng p
o
lic
y
ma
k
er
s
, bu
s
i-
ne
ss
e
s
, indu
s
trie
s
, e
x
pert
s
, citi
z
en
s
,
s
ch
o
l-
ar
s
, and nati
o
nal g
o
vernment
s
.
The tran
s
i-
ti
o
n t
o
a circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
in the
E
U repre-
s
ent
s
a
s
ignificant
o
pp
o
rtunit
y
t
o
advance
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
b
y
pr
o
m
o
ting re
s
o
urce effi-
cienc
y
, envir
o
nmental pr
o
tecti
o
n, and in-
n
o
vati
o
n
.
H
ow
ever, m
o
re c
o
herent p
o
li-
cie
s
and
s
ub
s
tantial inve
s
tment
s
are re-
quired t
o
en
s
ure pr
o
gre
ss
acr
o
ss
all
E
U
M
ember State
s
[
4
].
The current re
s
earch f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n evalu-
ating the implementati
o
n
o
f Circular
E
c
o
n-
132
o
m
y
(C
E
) principle
s
w
ithin the indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
o
f
s
elected
E
U c
o
untrie
s
, includingvance pr
o
vide
s
b
o
th
s
cientific evidence
G
erman
y
,
F
rance,
I
tal
y
, Spain, P
o
land, theand practical guidance f
o
r
E
ur
o
pe’
s
tran
s
i-
Netherland
s
, and S
w
eden
.
The primar
y
ti
o
n t
ow
ard a
s
u
s
tainable and c
o
mpetitive
o
bjective i
s
t
o
anal
y
z
e pr
o
gre
ss
, perf
o
r-circular ec
o
n
o
m
y.
in
s
elected
E
ur
o
pean
mance gap
s
, and efficienc
y
trend
s
acr
o
ss
Uni
o
n (
E
U)
M
ember State
s
.
The meth
o
d
o
l-
f
o
ur
k
e
y
indicat
o
r
s
:
Circular
M
aterial U
s
e
o
g
y
f
o
cu
s
e
s
o
n evaluating the indu
s
trial
R
ate (C
M
U
R
),
M
aterial
F
oo
tprint (
MF
),circularit
y
perf
o
rmance
o
f
s
even c
o
untrie
s
Water Saving
s
P
o
tential (WSP), and
E
ner-
G
erman
y
,
F
rance,
I
tal
y
, Spain, P
o
land, the
g
y
R
ec
o
ver
y
P
o
tential (
E
R
P)
[
7
].
T
o
gether,Netherland
s
, and S
w
eden u
s
ing a multi-
the
s
e indicat
o
r
s
enc
o
mpa
ss
the c
o
re pillar
s
indicat
o
r frame
wo
r
k
that c
o
mbine
s
mate-
o
f circularit
y
re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
,
w
aterrial,
w
ater, and energ
y
dimen
s
i
o
n
s
o
f cir-
management, and energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
high-cularit
y.
The re
s
earch de
s
ign integrate
s
lighting their interc
o
nnecti
o
n
s
w
ithin
E
u-three anal
y
tical la
y
er
s
:
indicat
o
r mea
s
ure-
r
o
pe’
s
indu
s
trial tran
s
iti
o
n,
w
hich ultimatel
y
ment, n
o
rmali
z
ati
o
n and c
o
mpari
s
o
n, and
enhance envir
o
nmental perf
o
rmance andran
k
ing and interpretati
o
n t
o
identif
y
pat-
reinf
o
rce
s
u
s
tainabilit
y
o
bjective
s
[
8
].
tern
s
, leader
s
, and laggard
s
in C
E
imple-
T
o
reali
s
e the primar
y
g
o
al
o
f thi
s
pa-mentati
o
n
.
per, five re
s
earch que
s
ti
o
n
s
w
ere f
o
rmu-Circular
F
l
ow
I
ndicat
o
r
s
trac
k
the fl
ow
lated, a
s
f
o
ll
ow
s
:
H
ow
much pr
o
gre
ss
and circulati
o
n
o
f re
s
o
urce
s
w
ithin the
have
E
U
M
ember State
s
made in imple- ec
o
n
o
m
y
, a
ss
e
ss
ing h
ow
effectivel
y
mate-
menting C
E
practice
s
during the a
ss
umed rial
s
and energ
y
are reu
s
ed, rec
y
cled,
o
r
peri
o
d 2013
–
2023?, What are the differ- rec
o
vered
.
Ke
y
e
x
ample
s
include the Cir-
ence
s
in material,
w
ater, and energ
y
circu- cular
M
aterial U
s
e
R
ate (C
M
U
R
),
w
hich
larit
y
perf
o
rmance acr
o
ss
indu
s
trial
s
y
s
- mea
s
ure
s
the
s
hare
o
f rec
y
cled material
s
in
tem
s
?, Which
s
tructural, techn
o
l
o
gical,
o
r t
o
tal material u
s
e, and the
E
nerg
y
R
ec
o
v-
p
o
lic
y
fact
o
r
s
e
x
plain di
s
paritie
s
bet
w
een er
y
P
o
tential (
E
R
P),
w
hich repre
s
ent
s
the
leading and lagging c
o
untrie
s
?, H
ow
can rec
o
verable energ
y
fr
o
m
w
a
s
te and indu
s
-
multi-dimen
s
i
o
nal C
E
indicat
o
r
s
(C
M
U
R
, trial b
y
-pr
o
duct
s
.
High circular fl
ow
value
s
MF
, WSP,
E
R
P) pr
o
vide a m
o
re integrated indicate
s
tr
o
ng material recirculati
o
n and
under
s
tanding
o
f indu
s
trial circularit
y
and
w
a
s
te minimi
z
ati
o
n
[
4
].
guide future p
o
lic
y
acti
o
n
s
?
The an
s
w
er
s
aim t
o
identif
y
e
x
i
s
ting
Ov
e
r
v
i
e
w
of
t
h
e
An
a
l
y
z
ed
C
ir
c
u
l
a
r
gap
s
, diagn
o
s
e
s
y
s
temic
s
trength
s
and
E
c
ono
m
y I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
w
ea
k
ne
ss
e
s
, m
o
nit
o
r area
s
o
f limited ad-The indicat
o
r
s
pre
s
ented in Table 1
.
vancement, and elucidate in
s
ufficientl
y
e
x
- reflect the main area
s
o
f indu
s
trial circular-
pl
o
red dimen
s
i
o
n
s
o
f the circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
it
y
, f
o
cu
s
ing
o
n material
s
,
w
ater, and en-
acr
o
ss
different di
s
cipline
s
.
erg
y
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
.
T
o
gether, the
y
pr
o
vide
M
e
t
ho
d
o
l
o
g
y
a clear picture
o
f the indu
s
tr
y
’
s
c
o
ntributi
o
n
a
n
d
D
a
t
a
F
r
ame
w
o
r
k
t
o
the circular ec
o
n
o
m
y.
The
s
tud
y
ad
o
pt
s
a c
o
mparative, indi-
G
l
o
ss
a
r
y
of
t
e
r
m
s
u
s
ed
i
n
fo
r
m
u
l
a
s
:
cat
o
r-ba
s
ed anal
y
tical per
s
pective, em-
Us
e
c (
R
e
cyc
l
ed
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
u
s
ed
)
:
pha
s
i
z
ing the indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r a
s
a driver
o
f
Q
uantit
y
o
f material
s
o
btained thr
o
ugh
circular tran
s
f
o
rmati
o
n
.
B
y
integrating ma- rec
y
cling pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
terial, energ
y
, and
w
ater indicat
o
r
s
, it re-
Ut
o
t
(
T
o
t
a
l
ma
t
e
r
i
a
l
s
u
s
ed
)
:
T
o
tal
veal
s
h
ow
circular practice
s
n
o
t
o
nl
y
im- quantit
y
o
f material
s
c
o
n
s
umed, includ-
pr
o
ve re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
but al
s
o
enhance ing b
o
th virgin and rec
y
cled material
s
.
decarb
o
ni
z
ati
o
n p
o
tential and indu
s
trial
DM (D
ome
sti
c
e
xt
r
a
c
ti
o
n)
:
T
o
tal
re
s
ilience
.
Thi
s
dual per
s
pective c
o
mbining quantit
y
o
f ra
w
material
s
e
x
tracted
quantitative a
ss
e
ss
ment
w
ith p
o
lic
y
rele- d
o
me
s
ticall
y.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
D
e
scr
i
p
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
An
a
l
y
z
ed
C
i
rc
u
l
a
r
E
c
ono
m
y I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
I
ndicat
o
r
A
cr
o
n
y
m
I
ndicat
o
r
s
f
o
rmulaC
o
ncept
&
I
nterpretati
o
n
Circular
R
ate
M
aterial U
s
eCM
UR
%
E
valuate
s
material circularit
y
and virgin re
s
o
urce
CM
UR
=
(
U
s
e
c /
Ut
o
t
a
l
)
s
ub
s
tituti
o
n thr
o
ugh the rati
o
o
f rec
y
cled
w
a
s
te-deri-
×
100
ved input
s
t
o
t
o
tal material c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
High
=
Str
o
ng circularit
y
in material
s
I
ndicate
s
h
ow
much material i
s
c
o
n
s
umed per per-
M
aterial
M
F
M
F
=
DM
+
R
a
w I
mp
o
r
ts –
s
o
n d
o
me
s
ticall
y
, highlighting the inten
s
it
y
o
f re
s
o
ur-
F
oo
tprint
(
t
o
nne
s
per capita
)
R
a
w
E
x
p
o
r
tsce u
s
e and dependence
o
n natural material
s
L
ow
er
=
M
o
re re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
Water
Perf
o
rmance
Su
s
tainabilit
y
WSP
%
WSP
=R
eflect
s
w
ater reu
s
e, rec
y
cling, and treatment effi-
(
T
o
t
a
l
w
a
t
e
r cienc
y
acr
o
ss
s
ect
o
r
s
, indicating
o
verall
w
ater
s
aved
ab
s
t
r
a
c
ti
on/ Av
a
il
ab
l
e
and the capacit
y
f
o
r circular
w
ater management
w
a
t
e
r r
e
sourc
e
s
)
×
100
High
=
Str
o
ng circular
w
ater management
E
nerg
y
E
RP
=
R
ec
o
ver
y
E
RP
%
Σ
(E
r
e
cov
e
r
ed
/
E
i
n
p
u
t
)
Pr
o
p
o
rti
o
n
×
100
M
ea
s
ure
s
energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
fr
o
m n
o
n-rec
y
clable
w
a
s
te, indicating circular energ
y
efficienc
y
and inte-
grated
w
a
s
te-t
o
-energ
y
perf
o
rmance
High
=
I
ntegrated
w
a
s
te t
o
energ
y
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl12/2025133
Go
s
p
o
da
r
k
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
R
a
w
I
mpo
r
ts,
E
x
po
r
ts:
T
o
tal
quantit
y
o
f ra
w
material
s
imp
o
rted,
e
x
p
o
rted
.
E
r
e
c
o
v
e
r
ed
:
T
o
tal energ
y
rec
o
vered
fr
o
m
w
a
s
te, t
y
picall
y
mea
s
ured in
megaj
o
ule
s
o
r gigaj
o
ule
s
, generated
b
y
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
s
uch a
s
incinerati
o
n
w
ith
energ
y
rec
o
ver
y.
E
i
n
p
u
t
(
W
a
st
e
i
n
p
u
t
)
:
T
o
tal quanti-
t
y
o
f
w
a
s
te treated
o
r generated, de-
pending
o
n the rep
o
rting
s
c
o
pe
.
The f
o
ll
ow
ing table
s
2, 3, 4, 5 pre
s
ent
s
tati
s
tical data
o
n C
E
indicat
o
r
s
(C
M
U
R
,
MF
, WSP, and
E
R
P) that
w
ere c
o
llected
and anal
y
z
ed f
o
r the purp
o
s
e
s
o
f thi
s
s
tud
y
f
o
r the peri
o
d 2013-2023
[
5
][
6
].
W
a
t
e
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
ab
ili
ty
P
e
r
fo
r
ma
n
c
e
(
W
S
P)
a
n
d
W
a
t
e
r
E
x
p
l
o
i
t
a
t
i
on
I
n
de
x
P
l
u
s
(
W
E
I
+
)
I
n thi
s
paper, the Water Su
s
tainabilit
y
Perf
o
rmance (WSP) indicat
o
r
w
a
s
applied
t
o
a
ss
e
ss
w
ater u
s
e efficienc
y
and
o
verall
s
u
s
tainabilit
y.
H
ow
ever, thi
s
indicat
o
r i
s
cl
o
s
el
y
related t
o
the Water
Ex
pl
o
itati
o
n
I
nde
x
Plu
s
(W
E
I
+
),
w
hich i
s
defined and
interpreted a
s
f
o
ll
ow
s
:
The W
E
I
+
quantifie
s
the pre
ss
ure e
x
erted
o
n rene
w
able fre
s
h-
w
ater re
s
o
urce
s
b
y
c
o
mparing the t
o
tal
fre
s
h
w
ater ab
s
tracti
o
n t
o
the t
o
tal rene
w
-
able fre
s
h
w
ater availabilit
y
w
ithin a given
regi
o
n
.
I
t reflect
s
h
ow
inten
s
ivel
y
w
ater re-
s
o
urce
s
are being u
s
ed, a high W
E
I
+
value
indicate
s
greater
s
tre
ss
and
w
ea
k
er circu-
lar
w
ater management,
w
hile a l
ow
W
E
I
+
value repre
s
ent
s
efficient and
s
u
s
tainable
u
s
e, the
F
o
rmula
o
f W
E
I
+
can be
w
ritten
:
W
E
I
+
=
100
−
WSP
.
F
o
r e
x
ample, if a regi
o
n u
s
e
s
35
%
o
f
it
s
rene
w
able
w
ater each
y
ear, it e
x
peri-
ence
s
m
o
derate
w
ater
s
tre
ss
(W
E
I
+
=
35),
w
hile the c
o
rre
s
p
o
nding WSP
=
65
%
indi-
cate
s
that 65
%
o
f
w
ater u
s
e remain
s
w
ithin
s
u
s
tainable limit
s
.
The
s
e t
wo
indica-
t
o
r
s
t
o
gether, pr
o
vide c
o
mplementar
y
vie
w
s
o
f the
s
ame phen
o
men
o
n
:
W
E
I
+
capture
s
re
s
o
urce pre
ss
ure,
w
hile WSP
repre
s
ent
s
management
s
u
s
tainabilit
y.
B
ecau
s
e WSP and W
E
I
+
are mathemati-
call
y
c
o
mplementar
y
, the
y
de
s
cribe the
s
ame h
y
dr
o
l
o
gical relati
o
n
s
hip fr
o
m
o
p-
p
o
s
ite per
s
pective
s
,
o
ffering a m
o
re c
o
m-
plete under
s
tanding
o
f
w
ater u
s
e and cir-
cular
w
ater management
[
9
].
G
r
ap
h
i
c
a
l
r
ep
r
e
s
e
n
t
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
r
e
s
u
l
ts
The
s
tati
s
tical value
s
pre
s
ented in the
previ
o
u
s
table
s
have been further elab
o
rat-
ed and vi
s
uali
s
ed in
F
igure
s
1, 2, 3, and 4
.
The radar map in
F
igure 3 illu
s
trate
s
the
relative perf
o
rmance
o
f each c
o
untr
y
acr
o
ss
the circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indicat
o
r
s
,
T
ab
l
e
2
.
C
ir
c
u
l
a
r
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
Us
e
R
a
t
e
(
C
M
U
R
,
%
)
T
ab
l
e
4
.
W
a
t
e
r
S
u
st
a
i
n
ab
ili
ty
P
e
r
fo
r
ma
n
c
e
(
W
S
P
,
%
)
T
ab
l
e
5
.
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
F
oo
t
p
r
i
n
t
(M
F
,
t
onn
e
s
pe
r c
ap
i
t
a
)
T
ab
l
e
3
.
En
e
r
g
y
R
e
c
ov
e
r
y
P
r
o
p
o
rt
i
on
(ERP
,
%
of
t
o
t
a
l
w
a
st
e
tr
ea
t
ed
)
Y
ea
r
Ge
r
ma
nyFr
a
nc
e
It
a
l
y
S
pa
i
n
P
o
l
a
n
d
N
e
t
h
e
r
l
a
n
d
s
Sw
ede
n
E
U
-
27
201311
.
2 18
.
1 18
.
7 7
.
5 8
.
1 25
.
49
.
3 10
.
7
201411
.
5 18
.
219
.
0 7
.
8 8
.
3 26
.
19
.
4 10
.
9
201511
.
8 18
.
319
.
5 8
.
0 8
.
4 26
.
79
.
6 11
.
0
201612
.
0 18
.
619
.
7 8
.
2 8
.
5 27
.
09
.
8 11
.
2
201712
.
2 18
.
820
.
0 8
.
5 8
.
7 27
.
5 10
.
0 11
.
3
201812
.
4 19
.
020
.
2 8
.
7 8
.
8 28
.
0 10
.
1 11
.
4
201912
.
6 19
.
120
.
4 8
.
8 8
.
9 28
.
4 10
.
2 11
.
6
202012
.
8 19
.
220
.
5 9
.
0 9
.
0 29
.
0 10
.
4 11
.
7
202113
.
0 19
.
320
.
6 9
.
2 9
.
1 29
.
4 10
.
5 11
.
7
202213
.
1 19
.
320
.
7 9
.
3 9
.
1 29
.
9 10
.
6 11
.
7
2023
13
.
3 19
.
420
.
8 9
.
5 9
.
2 30
.
6 10
.
8
11
.
8
Y
ear
G
erman
y
F
rance
I
tal
y
SpainP
o
landNetherland
s
S
w
eden
E
U-27 (avg)
2013 7
.
5 5
.
29
.
8 14
.
0 3
.
5 10
.
2 5
.
0 7
.
9
2014 7
.
8 5
.
410
.
0 14
.
3 3
.
6 10
.
5 5
.
1 8
.
1
2015 8
.
0 5
.
610
.
2 14
.
5 3
.
7 10
.
8 5
.
2 8
.
3
2016 8
.
3 5
.
810
.
4 14
.
8 3
.
8 11
.
0 5
.
3 8
.
5
2017 8
.
6 6
.
010
.
6 15
.
0 4
.
0 11
.
3 5
.
4 8
.
7
2018 8
.
8 6
.
210
.
8 15
.
2 4
.
1 11
.
5 5
.
5 8
.
9
2019 9
.
0 6
.
411
.
0 15
.
5 4
.
2 11
.
8 5
.
6 9
.
1
2020 9
.
3 6
.
611
.
3 15
.
7 4
.
4 12
.
0 5
.
7 9
.
3
2021 9
.
5 6
.
811
.
5 15
.
9 4
.
5 12
.
3 5
.
8 9
.
5
2022 9
.
7 7
.
011
.
8 16
.
0 4
.
6 12
.
5 5
.
9 9
.
7
2023
10.0
7.2
12.016.2
4
.
8 12
.
8 6
.
0 9
.
9
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
t
i
on:
E
ff
o
rt
s
t
o
impr
o
ve
w
ater reu
s
e and efficienc
y
are under
w
a
y
in S
o
uthern
E
ur
o
pe (e
s
peciall
y
Spain and
I
tal
y
),
w
here managing
s
carce
w
ater re
s
o
urce
s
remain
s
a maj
o
r challenge
.
N
o
rthern c
o
untrie
s
, th
o
ugh le
ss
w
ater-
s
tre
ss
ed, are al
s
o
ma
k
ing
s
ignificant eff
o
rt
s
t
o
enhance
w
ater efficienc
y.
Y
ear
G
erman
y
F
rance
I
tal
y
SpainP
o
landNetherland
s
S
w
eden
E
U-27 (avg)
2013 13
.
8 12
.
19
.
7 12
.
4 16
.
2 11
.
6 23
.
5 13
.
7
2014 13
.
5 12
.
09
.
6 12
.
2 16
.
0 11
.
4 23
.
2 13
.
5
2015 13
.
3 11
.
89
.
4 12
.
0 15
.
7 11
.
3 23
.
0 13
.
4
2016 13
.
0 11
.
79
.
2 11
.
8 15
.
4 11
.
1 22
.
8 13
.
2
2017 12
.
8 11
.
69
.
1 11
.
6 15
.
2 11
.
0 22
.
7 13
.
0
2018 12
.
6 11
.
59
.
0 11
.
5 15
.
0 10
.
9 22
.
5 12
.
9
2019 12
.
5 11
.
48
.
9 11
.
4 14
.
8 10
.
8 22
.
3 12
.
8
2020 12
.
3 11
.
38
.
8 11
.
3 14
.
6 10
.
7 22
.
0 12
.
7
2021 12
.
2 11
.
28
.
7 11
.
2 14
.
5 10
.
6 21
.
8 12
.
6
2022 12
.
1 11
.
18
.
6 11
.
1 14
.
4 10
.
5 21
.
6 12
.
5
2023
12.0
11.08.5
11.0
14.3
10.4
21.5
12
.
4
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
ti
on
:
A
s
material f
oo
tprint
s
(
MF
) graduall
y
decline acr
o
ss
all
M
ember State
s
, re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
appear
s
t
o
be
impr
o
ving and bec
o
ming le
ss
tied t
o
ec
o
n
o
mic gr
ow
th
.
S
w
eden and P
o
land, h
ow
ever, remain ab
o
ve the
E
U average due t
o
their high material u
s
e and material-inten
s
ive indu
s
trie
s
.
Y
ear
G
erman
y
F
rance
I
tal
y
SpainP
o
landNetherland
s
S
w
eden
E
U-27 (avg)
2013 19
.
5 10
.
28
.
6 6
.
4 5
.
5 17
.
3 25
.
8 11
.
0
2014 19
.
8 10
.
48
.
7 6
.
5 5
.
6 17
.
6 26
.
1 11
.
2
2015 20
.
1 10
.
68
.
9 6
.
7 5
.
8 17
.
9 26
.
5 11
.
3
2016 20
.
4 10
.
99
.
1 6
.
8 6
.
0 18
.
3 27
.
0 11
.
5
2017 20
.
7 11
.
19
.
3 6
.
9 6
.
2 18
.
8 27
.
5 11
.
7
2018 21
.
0 11
.
49
.
4 7
.
0 6
.
3 19
.
2 28
.
0 11
.
9
2019 21
.
3 11
.
69
.
5 7
.
1 6
.
4 19
.
5 28
.
4 12
.
0
2020 21
.
6 11
.
89
.
6 7
.
2 6
.
5 19
.
9 28
.
7 12
.
1
2021 21
.
8 12
.
09
.
7 7
.
3 6
.
6 20
.
1 29
.
0 12
.
2
2022 22
.
0 12
.
29
.
8 7
.
4 6
.
7 20
.
4 29
.
3 12
.
3
2023
22.2
12.49.9
7.5
6.8
20.7
29.6
12.4
I
n
t
e
r
p
r
e
t
a
ti
on
:
E
R
P trend
s
s
h
ow
that
w
a
s
te-t
o
-energ
y
s
y
s
tem
s
are bec
o
ming increa
s
ingl
y
imp
o
rtant, e
s
peciall
y
in N
o
rthern
E
ur
o
pe
.
S
w
eden,
G
erman
y
, and the Netherland
s
have the highe
s
t rec
o
ver
y
rate
s
,
w
hile P
o
land and Spain are
s
till devel
o
ping
their infra
s
tructure
.
13412/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
G
empha
s
i
z
ing variati
o
n
s
in efficienc
y
, re-
s
o
urce u
s
e pattern
s
, and multidimen
s
i
o
nal
relati
o
n
s
hip
s
that enable c
o
mparative a
s
-
s
e
ss
ment acr
o
ss
c
o
untrie
s
and indicat
o
r
s
.
The heatmap in
F
igure 4 illu
s
trate
s
the
magnitude and inten
s
it
y
o
f indicat
o
r value
s
acr
o
ss
the data
s
et, highlighting variati
o
n
s
in perf
o
rmance acr
o
ss
c
o
untrie
s
and ana-
l
y
z
ed indicat
o
r
s
.
Thi
s
vi
s
uali
z
ati
o
n all
ow
s
f
o
r an immediate and clear c
o
mpari
s
o
n
o
f
indicat
o
r value
s
, inten
s
it
y
level
s
, and trend
s
f
o
r 2023
.
F
igure 5
s
h
ow
s
the categ
o
ri
z
ati
o
n
o
f
E
U c
o
untrie
s
int
o
leader
s
, m
o
derate and
lagging perf
o
rmer
s
, ba
s
ed
o
n the c
o
m-
parative anal
y
s
i
s
o
f the circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indicat
o
r
s
di
s
cu
ss
ed ab
o
ve
.
D
i
sc
u
ss
i
on
of
a
n
a
l
ys
ed
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
of
t
h
e
C
E
(
2013–2023
):
T
The anal
y
z
ed indicat
o
r
s
in thi
s
article
are ba
s
ed
o
n the available and m
o
s
t reli-
able
E
ur
o
s
tat and
o
ther nati
o
nal data f
o
r
the anal
y
z
ed
E
U c
o
untrie
s
.
D
ifference
s
in
rep
o
rting meth
o
d
o
l
o
gie
s
and data c
o
llec-
ti
o
n peri
o
d
s
bet
w
een member
s
tate
s
c
o
uld
al
s
o
influence the r
o
bu
s
tne
ss
o
f the re
s
ult
s
.
D
e
s
pite the
s
e limitati
o
n
s
, the data
w
ere
c
o
n
s
idered the m
o
s
t c
o
mprehen
s
ive and
up-t
o
-date
s
o
urce available at the
E
ur
o
-
pean level
.
A.
rend
s
in Circular
M
aterial U
s
e
R
ate
(C
M
U
R
)
:
Have ri
s
en acr
o
ss
the
E
U but
remain uneven
.
The Netherland
s
and
I
tal
y
lead
w
ith advanced rec
o
ver
y
s
y
s
tem
s
,
G
erman
y
and
F
rance
s
h
ow
m
o
derate pr
o
gre
ss
,
w
hile Spain and
P
o
land trail behind
.
S
w
eden’
s
empha-
s
i
s
o
n energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
o
ver
material reu
s
e highlight
s
o
ng
o
ing
di
s
paritie
s
in circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
maturit
y
acr
o
ss
member
s
tate
s
.
B
.
M
aterial
F
oo
tprint (
MF
)
:
The trend
s
o
f
thi
s
indicat
o
r pr
o
vide evidence
o
f
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
Tr
e
n
d
s
i
n
(
C
E)
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
a
cr
o
ss t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
z
ed
E
U c
oun
tr
i
e
s
,
2013–2023
F
i
g
u
r
e
4
.
H
ea
t
map
I
ll
u
str
a
t
i
n
g
t
h
e
P
e
r
fo
r
ma
n
c
e
of
E
U C
oun
tr
i
e
s
a
cr
o
ss t
h
e
An
a
l
y
z
ed
(
C
E)
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
C
o
mpa
ri
s
on
of
(
C
E)
i
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
rs
am
on
g
t
h
e
a
n
a
l
y
z
ed
E
U c
oun
tr
i
e
s
,
2013–2023
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
R
ada
r
M
ap
of
E
U c
oun
t
ri
e
s
pe
r
fo
r
ma
n
c
e
a
cr
o
ss
a
n
a
l
y
z
ed
C
E
I
n
d
i
c
a
t
o
r
s
135
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
12/2025
Go
s
p
o
da
r
k
a
o
o
b
i
eg
u
z
am
k
n
i
ę
ty
m
a gradual dec
o
upling
o
f re
s
o
urce u
s
e
fr
o
m ec
o
n
o
mic gr
ow
th, reflecting im-
pr
o
ved efficienc
y
and lifec
y
cle man-
agement
.
The Netherland
s
,
F
rance, and
I
tal
y
maintain relativel
y
l
ow
f
oo
tprint
s
,
w
herea
s
G
erman
y
, P
o
land, and S
w
e-
den remain m
o
re re
s
o
urce-inten
s
ive
.
Su
s
tained pr
o
gre
ss
w
ill require deeper
indu
s
trial tran
s
f
o
rmati
o
n and inn
o
vati
o
n
in material
s
ub
s
tituti
o
n and rec
y
cling
.
C
.
Water Su
s
tainabilit
y
Perf
o
rmance
(WSP)
:
Varie
s
w
idel
y
acr
o
ss
the
E
U,
influenced b
y
climate and p
o
lic
y
ef-
fectivene
ss
.
Spain,
I
tal
y
, and the Neth-
erland
s
lead in
w
ater reu
s
e and effi-
cienc
y
,
w
hile
G
erman
y
,
F
rance, and
S
w
eden
s
h
ow
s
tead
y
gain
s
, and P
o
-
land trail
s
due t
o
o
utdated infra
s
truc-
ture
.
O
verall, ri
s
ing WSP level
s
high-
light the p
o
s
itive impact
o
f
E
U
w
ater
p
o
licie
s
and the integrati
o
n
o
f re
s
o
urce
efficienc
y
int
o
circular ec
o
n
o
m
y.
D.
E
nerg
y
R
ec
o
ver
y
Pr
o
p
o
rti
o
n (
E
R
P)
:
Ha
s
ri
s
en
s
teadil
y
acr
o
ss
the
E
U, re-
flecting the e
x
pan
s
i
o
n
o
f
w
a
s
te-t
o
-en-
erg
y
s
y
s
tem
s
.
S
w
eden,
G
erman
y
, and
the Netherland
s
lead
w
ith advanced
infra
s
tructure
s
,
w
hile
F
rance and
I
tal
y
s
h
ow
m
o
derate gain
s
and Spain and
P
o
land lag due t
o
limited inve
s
tment
.
A
lth
o
ugh high
E
R
P value
s
s
upp
o
rt re-
ne
w
able energ
y
g
o
al
s
, the
y
al
s
o
re-
veal a trade-
o
ff, a
s
increa
s
ed energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
can impede pr
o
gre
ss
in ma-
terial rec
y
cling
.
C
on
c
l
u
s
i
on:
The integrati
o
n
o
f multi-dimen
s
i
o
nal
Circular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
) indicat
o
r
s
(C
M
U
R
,
MF
, WSP, and
E
R
P), a
ss
e
ss
ed in thi
s
s
tud
y
enable
s
a m
o
re h
o
li
s
tic under
s
tanding
o
f
indu
s
trial circularit
y.
B
y
capturing the inter-
c
o
nnecti
o
n
s
am
o
ng material,
w
ater, and
energ
y
fl
ow
s
, the
s
e indicat
o
r
s
highlight
s
y
s
temic efficiencie
s
, perf
o
rmance gap
s
,
and cr
o
ss
-
s
ect
o
ral lin
k
age
s
, pr
o
viding in-
s
ight int
o
trend
s
that illu
s
trate h
ow
the circu-
lar tran
s
iti
o
n ha
s
advanced during the pe-
ri
o
d fr
o
m 2013 t
o
2023
.
n
A
ll
s
even
M
ember State
s
have ad-
vanced in implementing the Circular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
(C
E
), alth
o
ugh pr
o
gre
ss
re-
main
s
uneven
.
While the C
E
frame-
wo
r
k
ha
s
f
o
s
tered
E
U-
w
ide c
o
nver-
gence, it al
s
o
e
x
p
o
s
e
s
per
s
i
s
tent di
s
-
paritie
s
in nati
o
nal perf
o
rmance
.
n
C
M
U
R
gr
ow
th
w
ith
MF
reducti
o
n
s
ig-
nal
s
real material dec
o
upling
.
n
R
i
s
ing WSP and
E
R
P value
s
indicate
impr
o
ved re
s
o
urce efficienc
y
and en-
erg
y
rec
o
ver
y.
n
The
E
U’
s
circular tran
s
iti
o
n i
s
advanc-
ing; h
ow
ever, achieving full circularit
y
b
y
2050
w
ill require
s
u
s
tained cr
o
ss
-
s
ect
o
ral integrati
o
n,
s
tr
o
nger p
o
lic
y
c
o
herence, and deeper c
o
llab
o
rati
o
n
am
o
ng
M
ember State
s
.
n
S
w
eden’
s
ca
s
e
s
h
ow
s
that
s
ingle indi-
cat
o
r
s
can mi
s
repre
s
ent circular perf
o
r-
mance, a
s
it
s
l
ow
material circularit
y
c
o
ntra
s
t
s
w
ith
s
tr
o
ng energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
and
w
ater management
The categ
o
ri
z
ati
o
n
o
f c
o
untrie
s
int
o
Leader
s
,
M
o
derate, and Lagging perf
o
rm-
er
s
s
h
o
uld theref
o
re be interpreted a
s
a relative and d
y
namic c
o
n
s
truct
.
The
s
e
cla
ss
ificati
o
n
s
are inherentl
y
temp
o
ral, re-
flecting
y
ear-t
o
-
y
ear fluctuati
o
n
s
in indica-
t
o
r perf
o
rmance and
s
tructural
s
hift
s
driven
b
y
nati
o
nal c
o
nte
x
t
s
and inn
o
vati
o
n
s
w
ithin
indu
s
trial
s
ect
o
r
s
.
A
s
circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
in-
dicat
o
r
s
are c
o
nte
x
t-
s
en
s
itive and ev
o
lve
al
o
ng
s
ide techn
o
l
o
gical, p
o
lic
y
, and ec
o
-
n
o
mic tran
s
f
o
rmati
o
n
s
, c
o
ntinu
o
u
s
and
c
o
mparative rea
ss
e
ss
ment i
s
e
ss
ential t
o
accuratel
y
trace the traject
o
r
y
and pr
o
g-
re
ss
o
f circular tran
s
iti
o
n
s
.
The final c
o
nclu
s
i
o
n
w
a
s
e
x
panded t
o
include a di
s
cu
ss
i
o
n
o
f the imp
o
rtance
o
f
re
s
earch finding
s
f
o
r nati
o
nal circular
ec
o
n
o
m
y
p
o
licie
s
(e
.
g
.
, in P
o
land)
.
I
t em-
pha
s
i
z
ed the need f
o
r data harm
o
ni
z
ati
o
n,
the devel
o
pment
o
f circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indi-
cat
o
r
s
, and their u
s
e in planning and
m
o
nit
o
ring nati
o
nal acti
o
n
s
in relati
o
n t
o
E
U target
s
.
A
ck
no
w
l
edgeme
n
ts
:
Thi
s
re
s
earch
w
ere carried
o
ut in parallel
w
ith the
[
iW
A
Y
S
]
E
ur
o
pean pr
o
ject, under grant
agreement N
o.
[
958274
].
The vie
w
s
and
o
pini
o
n
s
e
x
pre
ss
ed are th
o
s
e
o
f the au-
th
o
r
s
o
nl
y
and d
o
n
o
t nece
ss
aril
y
reflect
th
o
s
e
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean Uni
o
n
o
r the
E
ur
o
-
pean
Co
mmi
ss
i
o
n
.
Neither the
E
ur
o
pean
Uni
o
n n
o
r the granting auth
o
rit
y
can be
held re
s
p
o
n
s
ible f
o
r them
.
R
E
F
E
R
E
N C
E
S
:
[
1
]
D
’
A
dam
o
I
.
;
F
avari
D.
;
G
a
s
taldi
M
.
; Kirchherr J
.
;
T
ow
ard
s
circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indicat
o
r
s
:
E
vidence
fr
o
m the
E
ur
o
pean Uni
o
n; Wa
s
te
M
anagement
&
R
e
s
earch; 2024;
D
O
I
:
10
.
2478/picbe-
2025-0421
.
[
2
]
D
enni
s
o
n
M
.
S
.
; Kumar
M
.
B
.
; Jebabalan S
.
K
.
;
R
eali
z
ati
o
n
o
f circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
principle
s
in
manufacturing
:
O
b
s
tacle
s
, advancement
s
, and
r
o
ute
s
t
o
achieve a
s
u
s
tainable indu
s
tr
y
tran
s
-
f
o
rmati
o
n;
D
i
s
c
o
ver Su
s
tainabilit
y
; 2024; 5;
A
rticle 438;
D
O
I
:
10
.
1007/
s
43621-024-
00689-2
.
[
3
]
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n;
E
U
E
nvir
o
nmental
Statement 2024; Publicati
o
n
s
O
ffice
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean Uni
o
n; 2024; http
s
:
//
o
p
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/
w
ebpub/hr/ec-envir
o
nmental-
s
tate-ment-2024/
.
[
4
]
E
ur
o
pean C
o
mmi
ss
i
o
n; Pac
k
aging and Pac
k
-
aging Wa
s
te
R
egulati
o
n
(
PPW
R)
enter
s
int
o
f
o
rce; 2025; http
s
:
//envir
o
nment
.
ec
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/t
o
pic
s
/
w
a
s
te-and-rec
y
cling/pac
k
ag-
ing-
w
a
s
te_en
.
[
5
]
E
ur
o
s
tat;
C
ircular ec
o
n
o
m
y
indicat
o
r
s
; 2024;
http
s
:
//ec
.
eur
o
pa
.
eu/eur
o
s
tat/
.
[
6
]
E
ur
o
s
tat;
E
ur
o
pean
E
nvir
o
nment
A
genc
y
(
EE
A
);
Water
R
eu
s
e and
E
fficienc
y
I
ndicat
o
r
s
(
env_
w
at_ind
)
; 2025
.
[
7
]
P
o
t
k
án
y
M
.
; Le
s
ní
ko
vá P
.
; Schmidt
o
vá J
.
;
M
u
s
o
vá
Z
.
; Ne
yko
v N
.
;
I
ndicat
o
r
s
o
f circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
and their lin
k
t
o
perf
o
rmance and c
o
mpetitive-
ne
ss
:
M
ulti-criteria anal
y
s
i
s
in the
E
U c
o
untrie
s
;
D
i
s
c
o
ver Su
s
tainabilit
y
; 2025; 6;
A
rticle 825;
D
O
I
:
10
.
1007/
s
43621-025-01774-
w.
[
8
]
Sm
o
l
M
.
;
I
nvent
o
r
y
and
Co
mpari
s
o
n
o
f Perf
o
r-
mance
I
ndicat
o
r
s
in
C
ircular
E
c
o
n
o
m
y
Ro
ad-
map
s
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean
Co
untrie
s
;
C
ircular
E
c
o
n-
o
m
y
and Su
s
tainabilit
y
; 2023; 3; 557
–
584;
D
O
I
:
10
.
1007/
s
43615-021-00127-9
.
[
9
]
S
o
ndermann
M
.
N
.
; Pr
o
ença de
O
liveira
R.
;
U
s
ing the W
E
I
+
inde
x
t
o
evaluate
w
ater
s
carcit
y
at highl
y
regulated river ba
s
in
s
w
ith c
o
njunctive
u
s
e
s
o
f
s
urface and gr
o
und
w
ater re
s
o
urce
s
; Sci-
ence
o
f the T
o
tal
E
nvir
o
nment; 2022; 836;
155754;
D
O
I
:
10
.
1016/j
.
s
cit
o
-
tenv
.
2022
.
155754
.
[
10
]
Z
ębe
k
E
.
; Legal pr
o
vi
s
i
o
n
s
f
o
r the facilitati
o
n
o
f
the tran
s
iti
o
n t
o
a circular ec
o
n
o
m
y
in the P
o
li
s
h
legal
s
y
s
tem; J
o
urnal
o
f
A
gricultural and
E
nvi-
r
o
nmental La
w
; 2024; 19(36); 329
–
350;
D
O
I
:
10
.
21029/J
A
E
L
.
2024
.
36
.
329
.
n
F
i
g
u
r
e
5
.
C
a
t
eg
o
ri
z
a
t
i
on
of
E
U C
oun
tr
i
e
s
b
y
(
C
E)
pe
r
fo
r
ma
n
c
e
l
e
v
e
l