I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
p
r
z
em
ysł
ow
e
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl12/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl 71
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
p
r
z
em
ysł
o
w
e
/I
n
d
u
str
i
a
l
i
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
s
E
l
e
ct
ri
c
a
l
I
mpeda
n
c
e
T
o
m
o
g
r
ap
h
y
(E
IT
)
syst
em
fo
r
m
on
i
t
o
ri
n
g
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
p
r
o
c
e
ss
e
s
i
n
i
n
d
u
st
ri
a
l
i
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
s
S
yst
em
t
o
m
o
g
r
a
f
ii
e
l
e
kt
r
yc
z
n
e
j
(E
IT
)
d
o
m
on
i
t
o
r
o
w
a
n
i
a
p
r
o
c
e
s
ó
w
t
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
u
w
i
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
a
c
h
p
r
z
em
ysł
o
wyc
h
DAR
I
US
Z
A
S
E
N
DR
Y
CH
DO
I 10
.
36119/15
.
2025
.
12
.
12
M
o
nit
o
ring
o
f tran
s
p
o
rt pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
in indu
s
trial in
s
tallati
o
n
s
i
s
o
f crucial imp
o
rtance t
o
av
o
id pr
o
blem
s
in pr
o
ce
ss
maintenance and t
o
meet the techn
o
l
o
gical requirement
s
.
A
m
o
ng vari
o
u
s
technique
s
,
E
lectrical
I
mpedance
T
o
m
o
graph
y
(
E
I
T) can be c
o
n
s
idered an efficient t
oo
l t
o
diagn
o
s
e pr
o
ce
ss
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
I
t ma
y
find it
s
applicati
o
n in the
ga
s
and
o
il indu
s
tr
y
, f
oo
d pr
o
ce
ss
ing,
s
o
lid
s
tran
s
p
o
rt and man
y
o
ther
s
.
I
t ha
s
been pr
o
ven t
o
be an effective t
oo
l in
inve
s
tigating
s
edimenting particulate fl
ow
s
, fibre
s
u
s
pen
s
i
o
n
s
and bubbl
y
fl
ow
s
.
A
s
f
o
r
E
I
T advantage
s
,
o
ne can
menti
o
n relativel
y
l
ow
c
o
s
t,
s
afet
y
o
f u
s
e and p
o
rtabilit
y.
The
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem i
s
being devel
o
ped at the
I
n
s
titute
o
f Thermal
M
achiner
y
, C
z
ę
s
t
o
ch
ow
a Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y.
The
s
y
s
tem i
s
equipped
w
ith 32 titanium electr
o
de
s
m
o
unted in
a 25-cm c
o
lumn
w
all
.
The v
o
ltage
s
c
o
llected b
y
the N
I
-ba
s
ed and LabVie
w
-c
o
ntr
o
lled acqui
s
iti
o
n
s
y
s
tem are
pr
o
ce
ss
ed numericall
y
t
o
rec
o
n
s
truct the c
o
nductivit
y
di
s
tributi
o
n
.
The te
s
t
s
o
f the
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem have been made u
s
ing
s
imple c
o
nfigurati
o
n
s
.
The
E
I
T pr
o
ved it
s
u
s
efulne
ss
f
o
r the inve
s
tigati
o
n
o
f multipha
s
e fl
ow
s
y
s
tem
s
.
H
ow
ever, the
s
y
s
tem
can be ea
s
il
y
adapted t
o
man
y
o
ther applicati
o
n
s
and
s
erve a
s
a p
ow
erful t
oo
l
s
upp
o
rting pr
o
ce
ss
m
o
nit
o
ring
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
:
E
lectrical
I
mpedance T
o
m
o
graph
y
, finite element meth
o
d, multipha
s
e fl
ow
s
,
o
nline m
o
nit
o
ring
s
y
s
tem
M
o
nit
o
r
ow
anie pr
o
ce
s
ów
tran
s
p
o
rtu
w
in
s
talacjach pr
z
em
y
s
ł
owy
ch ma
k
luc
z
ow
e
z
nac
z
enie dla uni
k
nięcia pr
o
blem
ów
w
utr
z
y
maniu pra
w
idł
owo
ś
ci pr
o
ce
s
ów
i
s
pełnienia
wy
magań techn
o
l
o
gic
z
n
y
ch
.
Sp
o
ś
r
ó
d r
ó
ż
n
y
ch techni
k
,
I
mpedanc
y
j-
na T
o
m
o
grafia
E
le
k
tr
y
c
z
na (
E
I
T) m
o
ż
e b
y
ć u
w
a
ż
ana
z
a
s
k
utec
z
ne nar
z
ęd
z
ie d
o
diagn
o
z
ow
ania
w
arun
ków
pr
o
ce
s
o
-
wy
ch
.
Z
najduje
o
na
z
a
s
t
o
s
ow
anie
w
pr
z
em
y
ś
le naft
owy
m, pr
z
et
wó
r
s
t
w
ie
s
p
o
ż
yw
c
z
y
m, tran
s
p
o
rcie materiał
ów
s
tał
y
ch
i
w
ielu inn
y
ch
.
W
yk
a
z
ana
z
o
s
tała jej
s
k
utec
z
n
o
ś
ć
w
badaniu pr
z
epł
ywów
c
z
ą
s
te
k
s
ed
y
mentując
y
ch,
z
a
w
ie
s
in
w
ł
ók
ni-
s
t
y
ch i pr
z
epł
ywów
w
iel
o
fa
z
owy
ch
.
W
ś
r
ó
d
z
alet
E
I
T m
o
ż
na
wy
mienić
s
t
o
s
un
kowo
ni
s
k
i
ko
s
z
t, be
z
piec
z
eń
s
t
wo
u
ż
y
t
ko
-
w
ania i m
o
biln
o
ś
ć
.
S
y
s
tem
E
I
T
z
o
s
tał
o
prac
ow
an
y
w
I
n
s
t
y
tucie
M
a
s
z
y
n Ciepln
y
ch P
o
litechni
k
i C
z
ę
s
t
o
ch
ow
s
k
iej
.
S
y
s
tem
wy
p
o
s
a
ż
o
n
y
je
s
t
w
32 ele
k
tr
o
d
y
t
y
tan
ow
e
z
am
o
nt
ow
ane
w
ś
cianie
ko
lumn
y
o
ś
rednic
y
25 cm
.
S
y
s
tem a
kw
i
z
y
cji
s
y
gna-
ł
ów
s
ter
ow
an
y
o
pr
o
gram
ow
aniem LabVie
w
reje
s
truje napięcia,
k
t
ó
re
s
ą pr
z
et
w
ar
z
ane numer
y
c
z
nie
w
celu re
ko
n
s
tru
k
cji
r
o
z
k
ładu pr
z
e
wo
dnict
w
a
.
Te
s
t
y
s
y
s
temu
E
I
T pr
z
epr
ow
ad
z
o
n
o
z
wyko
r
z
y
s
taniem pr
o
s
t
y
ch
ko
nfiguracji
.
S
y
s
tem
E
I
T
wyk
a-
z
ał pr
z
y
datn
o
ś
ć
w
badaniach pr
z
epł
ywów
w
iel
o
fa
z
owy
ch
.
Jedna
k
ż
e
s
y
s
tem ten m
o
ż
na łat
wo
d
o
s
t
o
s
ow
ać d
o
w
ielu
inn
y
ch
z
a
s
t
o
s
ow
ań,
w
k
t
ó
r
y
ch m
o
ż
e
s
tan
ow
ić
wy
dajne nar
z
ęd
z
ie
w
s
p
o
magające m
o
nit
o
r
ow
anie pr
o
ce
s
ów.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
impedanc
y
jna t
o
m
o
grafia ele
k
tr
y
c
z
na, met
o
da elementu
s
ko
ńc
z
o
neg
o
, pr
z
epł
ywy
w
iel
o
fa
z
ow
e,
s
y
s
tem m
o
nit
o
r
ow
ania
o
nline
dr in
ż
.
D
ariu
s
z
A
s
endr
y
ch http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0002-5110-4091
‒
Katedra
M
a
s
z
y
n Ciepln
y
ch, P
o
litechn
k
a C
z
ę
s
t
o
ch
ow
s
k
a
.
I
ni
s
titute
o
f
Thermal
M
achiner
y
, C
z
ę
s
t
o
ch
ow
a Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y.
A
dre
s
d
o
ko
re
s
p
o
ndencji/ C
o
rre
s
p
o
nding addre
ss
:
dariu
s
z
.
a
s
endr
y
ch
@
pc
z
.
pl
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
The challenge
s
o
f handling multipha
s
e
mi
x
ture
s
pre
s
ent in
s
everal indu
s
trial c
o
n-
te
x
t
s
are man
y.
D
e
s
igning and c
o
ntr
o
lling
multipha
s
e
s
y
s
tem
s
can be d
o
ne in
s
everal
w
a
y
s
:
empirical
s
trategie
s
, up t
o
s
trategie
s
that c
o
n
s
ider each c
o
mp
o
nent
o
f the multi-
pha
s
e
s
y
s
tem individuall
y
[
4,9
].
The
E
lectric
I
mpedance T
o
m
o
graph
y
(
E
I
T) i
s
a tech-
nique t
o
s
tud
y
vari
o
u
s
n
o
nunif
o
rm
s
y
s
tem
s
[
2,7,10,15
]
and al
s
o
t
o
validate the numer-
ical m
o
del
s
b
y
mea
s
urement
s
made
o
n
pil
o
t-
s
cale
s
etup
s
[
14
].
D
ifferent applica-
ti
o
n
s
ma
y
be c
o
n
s
idered, including c
o
nduc-
tive liquid
s
and the
o
ther pha
s
e, n
o
n-c
o
n-
ductive
.
F
l
ow
s
in h
o
ri
z
o
ntal/vertical pipe
s
[
17
]
, mi
x
ing pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
in
s
tirred tan
k
s
[
10,11
]
, and the fl
ow
s
tructure in pac
k
ed
bed
s
[
16
]
can be
s
tudied
.
The fir
s
t
o
ne i
s
relevant in a large
s
pectrum
o
f area
s
, includ-
ing petr
o
l e
x
tracti
o
n, bi
o
die
s
el pr
o
ducti
o
n
and tran
s
p
o
rt
o
f
o
il
y
effluent
s
, e
s
peciall
y
agricultural effluent
s
.
The
s
ec
o
nd applica-
ti
o
n i
s
pre
s
ent in a large
s
et
o
f pharmaceuti-
cal
o
perati
o
n
s
[
10,11
]
, including emul
s
ifica-
ti
o
n, cr
y
s
talli
s
ati
o
n and micr
o
encap
s
ulati
o
n
.
Ex
perience rep
o
rted in numer
o
u
s
publica-
ti
o
n
s
dev
o
ted t
o
diver
s
e envir
o
nment
s
s
h
ow
s
that t
o
m
o
graph
y
s
y
s
tem
s
c
o
uld al
s
o
be
applied t
o
m
o
nit
o
r
s
lurr
y
[
5,6
]
o
r particulate
fl
ow
s
[
19
]
, ga
s
-liquid mi
x
ture
s
[
12,18
]
,
C
o
ncerning the
s
ec
o
nd applicati
o
n,
E
I
T c
o
uld be u
s
ed t
o
m
o
nit
o
r emul
s
ificati
o
n
in a
s
tirred tan
k
, f
o
ll
ow
ed b
y
s
o
lvent evap-
o
rati
o
n and c
o
n
s
equent tran
s
iti
o
n
o
f the
7212/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
I
liquid-liquid
s
y
s
tem t
o
a
s
o
lid-liquid
s
y
s
tem
.
E
lectrical t
o
m
o
graph
y
ha
s
been applied t
o
pharmaceutical pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
f
o
r the la
s
t t
wo
decade
s
, but m
o
s
t
o
f the
s
tudie
s
f
o
r
s
y
s
tem
s
w
ith a c
o
nductive liquid (
o
ften
w
ater-
ba
s
ed
s
y
s
tem
s
) u
s
e re
s
i
s
tance t
o
m
o
gra-
ph
y.
With
E
I
T, b
o
th re
s
i
s
tance and reac-
tance
o
f the medium are mea
s
ured; there-
f
o
re,
o
ne e
x
pect
s
E
I
T t
o
pr
o
vide higher
qualit
y
image
s
and t
o
be able t
o
capture
variati
o
n
s
in the p
o
larit
y
o
f a liquid pha
s
e
(
w
hich, in the particular pr
o
ce
ss
t
o
be
s
tud-
ied,
o
ccur
s
during
s
o
lvent evap
o
rati
o
n)
.
E
IT
ma
t
h
ema
t
i
c
a
l
fo
r
m
u
l
a
t
i
on
E
I
T t
o
m
o
graph
y
i
s
a n
o
nintra
s
ive meth-
o
d a
ss
uming that each
s
ub
s
tance i
s
charac-
teri
s
ed b
y
individual electrical pr
o
pertie
s
.
With thi
s
a
ss
umpti
o
n, the electrical field can
be u
s
ed t
o
de
s
cribe the material di
s
tributi
o
n
w
ithin an inve
s
tigated
o
bject
.
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem
s
u
s
e a
s
et
o
f electr
o
de
s
t
o
inject an electrical
current int
o
the d
o
main under
s
tud
y.
The
re
s
ulting electrical field i
s
c
o
nditi
o
ned b
y
the
material
s
di
s
tributi
o
n
w
ithin the d
o
main, a
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
ig
.
1
.
The electrical p
o
tential
s
in
the d
o
main perimeter can be mea
s
ured
u
s
ing the remaining electr
o
de
s
,
w
hich are
s
ent t
o
an inver
s
e alg
o
rithm t
o
rec
o
ver the
un
k
n
ow
n c
o
nductivit
y
di
s
tributi
o
n
.
The pr
o
cedure i
s
fini
s
hed
w
hen all elec-
tr
o
de
s
are u
s
ed f
o
r e
x
citati
o
n,
s
o
the c
y
cle
ha
s
a
s
man
y
e
x
citati
o
n
s
a
s
the number
o
f
electr
o
de
s
.
T
wo
m
o
de
s
o
f e
x
citati
o
n are
available
:
adjacent,
w
hen t
wo
neighb
o
ur-
ing electr
o
de
s
are in u
s
e (
s
ee
F
ig
.
1, left),
and
o
pp
o
s
ite,
w
hen the electr
o
de
s
are
l
o
cated
o
n the
o
pp
o
s
ite
s
ide
s
o
f the b
o
und-
ar
y
(
s
ee
F
ig
.
1, right)
.
Similarl
y
, v
o
ltage
s
can be mea
s
ured u
s
ing adjacent and
o
pp
o
s
ite pr
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
.
F
r
o
m a mathematical
p
o
int
o
f vie
w
, the
E
I
T pr
o
blem can be
regarded a
s
t
wo
f
o
ld
.
F
o
r the f
o
r
w
ard
pr
o
blem, electrical p
o
tential
s
j
o
n the
b
o
undar
y
are determined b
y
the c
o
nduc-
tivit
y
s
di
s
tributi
o
n
.
F
o
r the inver
s
e pr
o
b-
lem, the c
o
nductivit
y
di
s
tributi
o
n i
s
rec
o
n-
s
tructed fr
o
m the electrical p
o
tential
s
mea-
s
ured
o
n the b
o
undar
y.
Vari
o
u
s
mathemat-
ical pr
o
cedure
s
are available,
s
uch a
s
the
G
au
ss
-Ne
w
t
o
n meth
o
d
[
7,8
].
The nature
o
f
the
E
I
T pr
o
blem
s
i
s
illu
s
trated in
F
ig
.
2
.
I
n
-
hou
s
e
E
IT syst
em
The
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem
w
a
s
devel
o
ped at the
I
n
s
titute
o
f Thermal
M
achiner
y
(
I
T
M
),
C
z
ę
s
t
o
ch
ow
a Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y.
I
t
i
s
c
o
mp
o
s
ed
o
f hard
w
are (electr
o
nic
s
) and
s
o
ft
w
are f
o
r data acqui
s
iti
o
n and pr
o
ce
ss
-
ing
.
The
s
chematic diagram
o
f the hard
w
are
o
f the
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem i
s
pre
s
ented in
F
ig
.
3, and
the manufactured b
o
ard i
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
ig
.
4
.
I
t
s
de
s
ign f
o
ll
ow
s
the
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem c
o
n
s
truct-
ed at the Univer
s
it
y
o
f C
o
imbra, P
o
rtugal
[
3,4,9,13
].
The Nati
o
nal
I
n
s
trument
s
(N
I
)
b
o
ard include
s
an
A
C c
o
nverter, a mea-
s
urement
s
ignal c
o
mmutat
o
r, and a digital
input/
o
utput, a
s
w
ell a
s
a
D
C c
o
nverter,
w
hich i
s
u
s
ed t
o
c
o
ntr
o
l the electr
o
de
p
ow
er
s
uppl
y
s
y
s
tem
.
The N
I
b
o
ard i
s
c
o
n-
nected t
o
a c
o
mputer via US
B
,
w
hich i
s
u
s
ed t
o
c
o
mmutati
o
n and acqui
s
iti
o
n
o
f
mea
s
urement
s
ignal
s
, c
o
ntr
o
lling the
p
ow
er
s
uppl
y
s
y
s
tem, and c
o
mmutati
o
n
o
f
s
ignal
s
fed t
o
the electr
o
de
s
.
The
s
y
s
tem
u
s
e
s
the v
o
ltage-c
o
ntr
o
lled current
s
o
urce
(VCCS) f
o
r e
x
citati
o
n
.
The active electr
o
de
pair
s
(u
s
ed f
o
r e
x
citati
o
n) are p
ow
ered via
a
M
U
X
2 multiple
x
er,
w
hich i addre
ss
ed
fr
o
m the digital
o
utput
s
o
f the N
I
card
acc
o
rding t
o
the data acqui
s
iti
o
n alg
o
-
rithm
.
The pa
ss
ive electr
o
de p
o
tential
s
are
mea
s
ured b
y
a
s
ingle-channel
A
/
D
c
o
n-
verter via it
s
internal multiple
x
er
.
The mea-
s
urement
s
are c
o
ntr
o
lled b
y
the LabV
I
E
W
s
o
ft
w
are
.
The
E
I
T data pr
o
ce
ss
ing i
s
d
o
ne
w
ith the u
s
e
o
f an
E
I
D
O
R
S librar
y.
The
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem i
s
equipped
w
ith 32
electr
o
de
s
made
o
f titanium, a material
that en
s
ure
s
their l
o
ng life
w
ith n
o
c
o
rr
o
-
s
i
o
n
.
Their C
AD
de
s
ign and vie
w
are pre-
s
ented in
F
ig
.
5
.
O
pe
r
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
E
IT syst
em
i
s c
on
-
tr
o
ll
ed
b
y t
h
e
L
ab
V
I
E
W s
of
tw
a
r
e
.
T
h
e
v
i
e
w
of
t
h
e
scr
ee
n
d
u
r
i
n
g
t
h
e
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
-
t
i
on
of
E
IT s
i
g
n
a
l
s
i
s s
ho
w
n
i
n
F
i
g
.
6
.
F
i
g
.
1
.
C
u
rr
e
n
t
pa
t
h
s
a
n
d
eq
u
i
p
o
t
e
n
-
t
i
a
l
li
n
e
s
i
n
e
xi
t
ed
d
o
ma
i
n
s
fo
r
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t
(
l
e
f
t
)
a
n
d
o
pp
o
s
i
t
e
e
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
on
s
(
r
i
g
h
t
).
V
CC
S
st
a
n
d
s
fo
r “
Vo
l
t
age
-
c
on
-
tr
o
ll
ed
c
u
rr
e
n
t s
ou
rc
e
”
Rys
.
1
.
S
c
i
e
ż
k
i
p
r
ąd
o
w
e
o
r
a
z
li
n
i
e
st
a
ł
eg
o
p
o
t
e
n
c
j
a
ł
u
w
ba
-
da
n
e
j
d
o
me
n
i
e
d
l
a
p
r
z
y
pad
-
k
u
w
z
b
u
d
z
a
n
i
a
“
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t
”
(
p
o
l
e
w
ee
j
)
o
r
a
z
“
o
pp
o
s
i
t
e
”
(
p
o
p
r
a
w
e
j
).
V
CC
S
o
z
n
a
c
z
a
fo
r “st
e
r
o
w
a
n
e
n
ap
i
ę
c
i
em
ź
r
ó
d
ł
o
p
r
ąd
o
w
e
”
F
i
g
.
2
.
F
o
rw
a
r
d
a
n
d
i
nv
e
rs
e
E
IT
p
r
o
b
l
em
s
Rys
.
2
.
I
l
u
str
a
c
j
a
z
agad
n
i
e
ń
E
IT
,
p
r
o
s
-
t
eg
o
o
r
a
z
o
d
wr
o
t
n
e
-
g
o
F
i
g
.
4
.
V
i
e
w
of
t
h
e
E
IT
e
l
e
ctr
on
i
cs
(
b
o
a
r
d
)
ma
nuf
a
c
-
t
u
r
ed
a
t IT
M
Rys
.
4
.
W
i
d
o
k
e
l
e
ktr
on
i
k
i
E
IT wyk
on
a
n
e
j
w IT
M
F
i
g
.
3
.
S
c
h
ema
t
i
c
d
i
a
-
g
r
am
of
a
n
i
n
-
hou
s
e
E
IT
syst
em
Rys
.
3
.
S
c
h
e
-
ma
t
u
kł
ad
u
E
IT
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
12/202573
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
p
r
z
em
ysł
ow
e
F
o
r
t
h
e
r
e
c
on
st
r
u
ct
i
on
of
i
mage
s
,
a
n
o
pe
n
-
s
ou
r
c
e
s
of
tw
a
r
e
pa
ck
age
E
I
DO
-
R
S
[4
,
8] w
a
s
emp
l
o
y
ed
.
It
i
n
c
l
u
de
s t
h
e
a
l
g
o
ri
t
h
m
s
a
ll
o
w
i
n
g
fo
r t
h
e
a
n
a
l
ys
i
s
of
v
a
ri
ou
s
m
o
de
s
of
e
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
s
i
g
n
a
l
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
on.
C
on
d
u
ct
i
v
i
ty
r
e
c
on
str
u
ct
i
on
w
i
t
h
t
h
e
u
s
e
of
t
h
e
E
IT syst
em
A
s
erie
s
o
f te
s
t
s
w
a
s
c
o
nducted
w
ith
a ne
w
l
y
devel
o
ped
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem
.
A
s
mall te
s
t
facilit
y
w
a
s
c
o
n
s
tructed a
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
ig
.
7
.
A
25cm ple
x
igla
ss
c
o
ntainer
w
a
s
filled
w
ith
s
alt
y
w
ater t
o
en
s
ure high c
o
nductivi-
t
y.
E
I
T electr
o
de
s
w
ere di
s
tributed at the
c
o
ntainer peripher
y
and c
o
nnected t
o
the
E
I
T electr
o
nic
s
.
The te
s
t
s
w
ere c
o
nducted
w
ith the u
s
e
o
f c
y
linder
s
made
o
f different
w
ith adjacent m
o
de) and in the centre
A
s
can be
s
een, in b
o
th ca
s
e
s
c
y
linder i
s
detected
w
ith g
oo
d accurac
y
regarding
s
i
z
e and it
s
l
o
cati
o
n
.
The ch
o
ice
o
f the pr
o
-
t
o
c
o
l ma
y
depend
o
n the
o
bject
o
f inve
s
ti-
gati
o
n
[
4,14
]
, but f
o
r m
o
s
t ca
s
e
s
, b
o
th
pr
o
t
o
c
o
l
s
can be applied alternativel
y.
I
n
t
h
e
s
e
c
on
d
t
e
st
,
tw
o
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
cy
li
n
de
rs
of
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
d
i
ame
t
e
rs w
e
r
e
p
o
s
i
t
i
on
ed
i
n
t
h
e
t
e
st
un
i
t
(
s
ee
F
i
g
.
9
,
r
i
g
h
t
).
A
s t
h
e
d
i
st
a
n
c
e
be
tw
ee
n
t
h
em
i
s
s
ma
ll,
t
h
e
E
IT
i
mage
s
i
n
c
l
u
de
on
e
b
i
g
s
p
o
t
;
t
hu
s
,
i
t w
a
s
no
t
p
o
ss
i
b
l
e
t
o
d
i
st
i
n
-
g
u
i
s
h
be
tw
ee
n
t
h
em
.
T
h
a
t
i
s
be
c
a
u
s
e
li
m
i
t
ed
r
e
s
o
l
u
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
E
IT t
e
c
hn
i
q
u
e
,
w
h
i
c
h
w
a
s r
ep
o
rt
ed
i
n
t
h
e
li
t
e
r
a
t
u
r
e
[1
,
3
,
20]
.
The te
s
ting pr
o
cedure al
s
o
included the
regulari
s
ati
o
n c
o
efficient (H
Y
P)
.
I
t i
s
an
artificial parameter u
s
ed
w
hen
s
o
lving an
inver
s
e pr
o
blem
.
I
n
F
ig
.
10, it
s
value
w
a
s
varied at three different level
s
, i
.
e
.
0
.
1,
0
.
01 and 0
.
005
.
F
o
r all ca
s
e
s
c
y
linder
c
o
uld be detected, h
ow
ever, the qualit
y
o
f
the image
s
change
s
.
Thi
s
c
o
efficient
s
h
o
uld
F
i
g
.
5
.
material
s
, i
.
e
.
aluminium (highl
y
c
o
nduc-
tive) and PVC (re
s
i
s
tive)
.
A
t fir
s
t, an aluminium c
y
linder
w
a
s
placed in
s
ide the c
o
ntainer
.
T
wo
meth
o
d
s
o
f e
x
citati
o
n
w
ere te
s
ted, i
.
e adjacent (adj)
and
o
pp
o
s
ite (
o
pp)
.
I
n
F
ig
.
8, the
E
I
T
E
IT
e
l
e
ct
r
o
de
s
:
C
AD
de
s
i
g
n
(
l
e
f
t
)
a
n
d
ma
nuf
a
c
-
image
s
are
s
h
ow
n
o
n the left (e
x
citati
o
n
t
u
r
ed
t
i
t
a
n
i
u
m
e
l
e
ct
r
o
de
s
(
r
i
g
h
t
)
Rys
.
5
.
E
l
e
kt
r
o
d
y
E
IT
:
p
r
o
j
e
kt
(
p
o
l
e
w
e
j
)
o
r
a
z
(e
x
citati
o
n
w
ith
o
pp
o
s
ite m
o
de), and the
w
i
d
o
k tyt
a
no
wyc
h
e
l
e
ktr
o
d
(
p
o
p
r
a
w
e
j
)
s
cheme
o
f the c
y
linder l
o
cati
o
n
o
n the right
.
F
i
g
.
6
.
S
cr
ee
n
s
ho
t
of
a
L
ab
V
I
E
W
a
c
q
u
i
s
i
t
i
on
syst
em
Rys
.
6
.
W
i
d
o
k
i
n
t
e
r
f
e
j
s
u
p
r
o
g
r
am
u
L
ab
V
I
E
W
d
o
a
kw
i
z
yc
ji
sy
g
n
a
ł
ó
w
E
IT
F
i
g
.
8
.
I
nf
l
u
e
n
c
e
of
t
h
e
e
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
on
m
o
de
fo
r t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
cy
li
n
de
r
(
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
)
t
e
st c
a
s
e
Rys
.
8
.
W
p
ływ
m
o
d
u
w
z
b
u
d
z
a
n
i
a
d
l
a
p
r
z
y
pad
k
u
p
o
j
ed
y
n
c
z
eg
o
cy
li
n
da
wyk
on
a
n
eg
o
z
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
F
i
g
.
9
.
I
nf
l
u
e
n
c
e
of
t
h
e
e
x
c
i
t
a
t
i
on
m
o
de
fo
r t
h
e
d
ou
b
l
e
-
cy
li
n
de
r
(
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
)
t
e
st c
a
s
e
Rys
.
9
.
W
p
ływ
m
o
d
u
w
z
b
u
d
z
e
n
i
a
d
l
a
p
r
z
y
pad
k
u
d
w
ó
c
h
cy
li
n
d
r
ó
w
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
o
wyc
h
F
i
g
.
10
.
I
nf
l
u
e
n
c
e
of
t
h
e
r
eg
u
l
a
r
i
s
a
t
i
on
c
o
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
(
HY
P)
fo
r t
h
e
s
i
n
g
l
e
-
cy
li
n
de
r
(
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
)
t
e
st c
a
s
e
;
ad
j
a
-
c
e
n
t/
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t
mea
s
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
Rys
.
10
.
W
p
ływ ws
p
ó
łc
z
y
nn
i
k
a
r
eg
u
l
a
ry
z
a
c
ji
d
l
a
p
r
z
y
pad
k
u
p
o
j
ed
y
n
c
z
eg
o
cy
li
n
r
da
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
o
w
eg
o
;
w
z
b
u
d
z
e
n
i
e
m
o
dem
“
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t/
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t
”
F
i
g
.
7
.
V
i
e
w
of
t
h
e
E
IT t
e
st
f
a
c
ili
ty
Rys
.
7
.
W
i
d
o
k st
a
no
w
i
sk
a
d
o
t
e
st
o
w
a
n
i
a
syst
e
-
m
u
E
IT
I
I
the ne
x
t te
s
t, t
wo
c
y
linder
s
w
ere u
s
ed,
achieved f
o
r H
Y
P
=
0
.
05
.
F
o
r the larger
H
Y
P value
s
, the image
s
are blurred, and
ing (
s
ee image
o
n the left
–
H
Y
P
=
0
.
5)
.
S
u
mma
r
y
technical pr
o
blem
s
.
X
-ra
y
o
r gamma-ra
y
s
y
s
tem
s
are e
x
tremel
y
effective, pr
o
viding
high re
s
o
luti
o
n
.
The
y
are, h
ow
ever, harmful
and e
x
tremel
y
e
x
pen
s
ive
.
E
lectrical
I
mped-
ance T
o
m
o
graph
y
i
s
an intere
s
ting alterna-
w
hen an
o
nline m
o
nit
o
ring in
s
trument i
s
w
a
s
s
h
ow
n a
s
a
s
uitable t
oo
l f
o
r detecting
re
s
i
s
tive material
s
s
ubmerged in
s
alt
y
w
ater
s
mall-
s
cale
o
bject
s
.
H
ow
ever, the
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem
ma
y
be ver
y
helpful f
o
r m
o
nit
o
ring qua
s
i-
s
tati
o
nar
y
pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
Pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
u
s
ing
E
lectrical T
o
m
o
graph
y:
D
ecemb r 2016;
M
ela a,
M
ala
y
s
ia
.
be adju
s
ted depending
o
n the
o
bject ana-
R
E
F
E
R
E
N C
E
S
l
y
s
ed, and a
s
erie
s
o
f preliminar
y
te
s
t
s
i
s
rec
o
mmended
[
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].
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.A.
;
M
ulti-
the fir
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t made fr
o
m re
s
i
s
tive material (PVC)
pha
s
e
F
l
ow
Vel
o
cit
y
M
ea
s
urement
o
f Chemical
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ec
o
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o
m aluminium
.
A
s
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R
evie
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EEE
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o
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n S
y
s
tem
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,
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een fr
o
m
F
ig
.
11, b
o
th
o
bject
s
c
o
uld be
Pr
o
ce
ss
and C
o
ntr
o
l (
I
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)
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detected, h
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ult
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o
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e fl
ow
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I
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.
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E
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the
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i
z
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e fl
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u
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i
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mpedance T
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f
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o
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o
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o
m
o
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o
f c
o
nfigura-
ti
o
n
s
, and applicati
o
n t
o
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ow
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u
s
pen
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i
o
n
s
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ati
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n;
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uali
z
ati
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n and Simulati
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n
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f
M
icr
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o
f C
o
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o
ce
ss
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pplicati
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n
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il
y
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o
r
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o
i
.o
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.
3390/
vari
o
u
s
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n
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L
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c
o
s
t, ea
s
e
o
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s
e
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.
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o
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o
n
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idering
Wł
o
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z
yk
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.
; Warun
k
i be
z
tlen
ow
e
w
z
bi
o
rni-
k
u u
ś
redniając
y
m, a
o
d
w
adnianie
o
s
ad
ów
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cie-
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o
c
o
ntr
o
l indu
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n
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I
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A
L; 2024; 5; 35-41; http
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//d
o
i
.
in-h
o
u
s
e
E
I
T
s
y
s
tem devel
o
ped at the
I
T
M
[
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]
Kami
z
ela
6
T
.
;
/
Stru
k
tura
.
5
z
ag
o
s
p
o
dar
ow
ania
irregularitie
s
in the anal
y
s
ed envir
o
nment
.
ko
munaln
y
ch
o
s
ad
ów
ś
cie
kowy
ch
tt
w
:
P
o
l
s
ce;
The te
s
t
s
c
o
nducted
w
ith the c
o
nductive and
o
rg/10
.
36119/15
.
2025
.
6
.
5
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]
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o
l
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o
ride
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.
;
I
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n
s
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o
n alg
o
ri-
pr
o
ved the u
s
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o
f the
E
I
T
s
y
s
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The
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f
o
r
s
o
ft-field t
o
m
o
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.D.
The
s
i
s
,
w
ea
k
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o
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o
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T technique i
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o
l
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.
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A
M
atlab
re
s
o
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n, ma
k
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o
rec
o
gni
s
e
t
oo
l
k
it f
o
r three-dimen
s
i
o
nal electrical impedan-
ce t
o
m
o
graph
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A
c
o
ntributi
o
n t
o
the electrical
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e
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ptical rec
o
n
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n
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E
lectrical t
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m
o
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A
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f c
o
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N
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e
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ub
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o
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hirl fl
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ing
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lectrical Capacitance T
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m
o
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ss
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lectrical
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i
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o
r mea
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ufa-
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wo
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z
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h
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r
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u
l
a
ri
s
a
t
i
on
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o
e
ff
i
c
i
e
n
t
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HY
P)
fo
r t
h
e
d
ou
b
l
e
-
cy
li
n
de
r
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a
l
u
m
i
n
i
u
m
,
PV
C
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t
e
st c
a
s
e
;
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t/
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t
mea
s
u
r
i
n
g
p
r
o
t
o
c
o
l
Rys
.
11
.
W
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ływ ws
p
ó
łc
z
y
nn
i
k
a
r
eg
u
l
a
ry
z
a
c
ji
HY
P
d
l
a
p
r
z
y
pad
k
u
d
w
ó
c
h
cy
li
n
d
r
ó
w
(
a
l
u
m
i
n
i
m
o
r
a
z
P
C
V)
;
w
z
b
u
d
z
e
n
i
e
m
o
dem
“
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t/
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t
”