105/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
Ź
(1)
R
w
here
A
E
P
W
F
den
o
te
s
the annual energ
y
pr
o
-
ducti
o
n
o
f all
w
ind farm
s
in the p
ow
er
s
y
s
tem in
a given
y
ear, P
W
F
repre
s
ent
s
the t
o
tal in
s
talled
capacit
y
o
f all
w
ind farm
s
in the p
ow
er
s
y
s
tem,
and 8760 i
s
the number
o
f h
o
ur
s
in a
y
ear
.
The anal
y
s
i
s
ba
s
ed
o
n
E
quati
o
n (1), t
o
-
gether
w
ith data
o
n the
s
hare
o
f
o
ff
s
h
o
re in
s
tal-
lati
o
n
s
in each
o
f the anal
y
z
ed c
o
untrie
s
,
w
a
s
u
s
ed t
o
identif
y
c
o
rrelati
o
n
s
and di
s
crepancie
s
.
The g
o
al
w
a
s
t
o
c
o
mpare the
o
retical e
x
pecta-
ti
o
n
s
that
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
s
h
o
uld increa
s
e
the gl
o
bal capacit
y
fact
o
r
o
f electricit
y
genera-
ti
o
n fr
o
m
w
ind
s
o
urce
s
w
ith the actual mea
s
ured
perf
o
rmance
o
b
s
erved
o
ver the multi-
y
ear pe-
ri
o
d fr
o
m 2000 t
o
2023
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
a
n
d
D
i
sc
u
ss
i
on
F
igure 1 pre
s
ent
s
the annual gl
o
bal capac-
it
y
fact
o
r
G
C
F
f
o
r the anal
y
z
ed c
o
untrie
s
.
I
t can
be
o
b
s
erved that the variabilit
y
o
f
G
C
F
i
s
c
o
r-
related am
o
ng the c
o
untrie
s
included in the
anal
y
s
i
s
, indicating that
w
ind c
o
nditi
o
n
s
acr
o
ss
D
enmar
k
,
G
erman
y
, and P
o
land tend t
o
c
o
in-
cide during the
s
ame peri
o
d
s
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, it i
s
wo
rth n
o
ting that
s
tarting fr
o
m 2015, the
G
C
F
value
s
f
o
r
D
enmar
k
and P
o
land have been
ver
y
s
imilar,
w
hile th
o
s
e f
o
r
G
erman
y
have re-
mained
s
ignificantl
y
l
ow
er
.
Thi
s
o
b
s
ervati
o
n i
s
particularl
y
imp
o
rtant, a
s
P
o
land
o
perate
s
o
nl
y
o
n
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
,
w
herea
s
b
o
th
D
enmar
k
and
G
erman
y
have a
s
ignificant
s
hare
o
f
o
ff-
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
, a
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
igure 2
.
B
y
anal
y
z
ing the data fr
o
m
F
igure
s
1 and 2,
it can be
o
b
s
erved that de
s
pite
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind
farm
s
acc
o
unting f
o
r appr
o
x
imatel
y
35
%
o
f
D
enmar
k
’
s
w
ind p
ow
er capacit
y
, the gl
o
bal ca-
pacit
y
fact
o
r
G
C
F
remain
s
at a
s
imilar level t
o
that
o
f P
o
land,
w
hich ha
s
n
o
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
.
I
n c
o
ntra
s
t, the
G
C
F
f
o
r
G
erman
y
i
s
o
ver 20
%
l
ow
er than that
o
f P
o
land, even th
o
ugh
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
c
o
ntribute m
o
re than 12
%
t
o
G
er-
man
y
’
s
t
o
tal in
s
talled
w
ind capacit
y.
I
t i
s
wo
rth
n
o
ting that, acc
o
rding t
o
the
o
retical e
s
timate
s
,
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
s
h
o
uld achieve capacit
y
fact
o
r
s
in the range
o
f 45
–
50
%
[
6
]
,
[
7
]
,
[
11
]
,
thereb
y
s
ignificantl
y
increa
s
ing the gl
o
bal ca-
pacit
y
fact
o
r f
o
r U
R
E
S
.
The
s
e re
s
ult
s
indicate a lac
k
o
f actual impact
fr
o
m
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
o
n increa
s
ing electricit
y
pr
o
ducti
o
n fr
o
m
w
ind p
ow
er, de
s
pite their the
o
-
reticall
y
higher capacit
y
fact
o
r
s
.
C
o
n
s
idering that
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
are appr
o
x
imatel
y
f
o
ur time
s
m
o
re e
x
pen
s
ive in b
o
th inve
s
tment and
o
pera-
ti
o
nal term
s
c
o
mpared t
o
o
n
s
h
o
re farm
s
, thi
s
rai
s
e
s
s
eri
o
u
s
que
s
ti
o
n
s
ab
o
ut the
o
verall rati
o
-
nale f
o
r their devel
o
pment
[
12
]
,
[
13
]
,
[
14
]
.
The lac
k
o
f the e
x
pected increa
s
e in the ca-
pacit
y
fact
o
r
G
C
F
o
f in
s
talled U
R
E
S generati
o
n
capacit
y
, de
s
pite the
s
ignificant gr
ow
th in the
s
hare
o
f
o
ff
s
h
o
re
w
ind farm
s
, ma
y
be attributed
t
o
the highl
y
challenging
o
perati
o
nal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
in
o
ff
s
h
o
re envir
o
nment
s
.
A
n
o
ther p
o
tential rea-
s
o
n i
s
related t
o
s
afet
y
i
ss
ue
s
and the nece
ss
it
y
o
f
di
s
c
o
nnecting the
s
e in
s
tallati
o
n
s
fr
o
m the grid
during peri
o
d
s
o
f
s
ub
s
tantial electricit
y
o
verpr
o
-
ducti
o
n,
w
hich i
s
clearl
y
c
o
rrelated
w
ith a
s
ignifi-
cant
s
urplu
s
o
f in
s
talled U
R
E
S capacit
y
relative t
o
actual energ
y
demand
.
Thi
s
i
ss
ue i
s
particularl
y
2
2
evident
w
hen c
o
n
s
idering the number
o
f h
o
ur
s
w
ith negative electricit
y
price
s
in
G
erman
y
,
w
hich am
o
unted t
o
301 h
o
ur
s
in 2023 and in-
crea
s
ed t
o
457 h
o
ur
s
in 2024
[
15
].
E
quall
y
imp
o
rtant i
s
the c
o
n
s
iderable level
o
f electricit
y
imp
o
rt
s
in
G
erman
y
,
w
hich reached
54
.
3 TWh in 2023 and increa
s
ed t
o
67 TWh in
2024, c
o
rre
s
p
o
nding t
o
12
.
1
%
and 15
.
5
%
o
f
the c
o
untr
y
’
s
t
o
tal electricit
y
pr
o
ducti
o
n, re
s
pec-
tivel
y.
I
t
s
h
o
uld be n
o
ted that the maj
o
rit
y
o
f the
imp
o
rted electricit
y
—
o
ver 73
%
—
came fr
o
m
s
table
s
o
urce
s
(primaril
y
nuclear and h
y
dr
o
elec-
tric p
ow
er plant
s
)
[
15
].
E
quall
y
imp
o
rtant i
s
the
c
o
n
s
iderable level
o
f electricit
y
imp
o
rt
s
in
G
er-
man
y
,
w
hich reached 54
.
3 TWh in 2023 and
increa
s
ed t
o
67 TWh in 2024, c
o
rre
s
p
o
nding t
o
12
.
1
%
and 15
.
5
%
o
f the c
o
untr
y
’
s
t
o
tal electric-
it
y
pr
o
ducti
o
n, re
s
pectivel
y.
I
t
s
h
o
uld be n
o
ted
that the maj
o
rit
y
o
f the imp
o
rted electricit
y
—
o
ver 73
%
—
came fr
o
m
s
table
s
o
urce
s
(primar-
il
y
nuclear and h
y
dr
o
electric p
ow
er plant
s
)
.
F
igure
s
3, 4, and 5 pre
s
ent data
s
et
s
s
h
ow
-
ing t
o
tal electricit
y
pr
o
ducti
o
n, pr
o
ducti
o
n and
in
s
talled capacit
y
o
f U
R
E
S, pr
o
ducti
o
n fr
o
m
s
table rene
w
able energ
y
s
o
urce
s
S
R
E
S, f
o
ss
il
fuel-ba
s
ed pr
o
ducti
o
n, and C
O
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
fr
o
m 2000 t
o
2023 f
o
r
G
erman
y
, P
o
land, and
D
enmar
k.
I
n
F
igure 3, it can be
o
b
s
erved that the
decrea
s
e in C
O
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
in
G
erman
y
, de-
s
pite the rapid increa
s
e in the
s
hare
o
f U
R
E
S, i
s
clearl
y
c
o
rrelated
w
ith a decline in t
o
tal electric-
it
y
pr
o
ducti
o
n rather than an increa
s
e in U
R
E
S
pr
o
ducti
o
n and in
s
talled capacit
y.
Thi
s
s
ugge
s
t
s
that the
s
aturati
o
n
o
f the energ
y
s
y
s
tem
w
ith
F
i
g
u
r
e
1
.
G
l
o
ba
l
c
apa
c
i
ty
f
a
ct
o
r
G
CF
fo
r
a
ll
on
s
ho
r
e
a
n
d
off
s
ho
r
e
w
i
n
d
f
a
r
m
s
i
n
G
e
r
ma
n
y
(GE)
,
Po
l
a
n
d
(PL)
,
a
n
d
D
e
n
ma
rk
(DE
N
)
Rys
un
e
k 1
.
G
l
o
ba
l
n
y
ws
p
ó
łc
z
y
nn
i
k wyk
o
r
z
y
-
st
a
n
i
a
m
o
cy
G
CF
d
l
a
ws
z
ystk
i
c
h
f
a
r
m
w
i
a
tr
o
-
wyc
h
l
ąd
o
wyc
h
o
r
a
z
m
o
rsk
i
c
h
d
l
a
N
i
em
i
e
c
(GE)
,
Po
l
sk
i
(PL)
i
D
a
n
i
(DE
N
)
F
i
g
u
r
e
2
.
S
h
a
r
e
of
off
s
ho
r
e
w
i
n
d
f
a
r
m
s
i
n
t
h
e
t
o
t
a
l
i
n
st
a
l
-
l
ed
w
i
n
d
p
o
w
e
r c
apa
c
i
ty
fo
r
G
e
r
ma
n
y
(GE)
a
n
d
D
e
n
ma
rk
(DE
N
)
Rys
un
e
k 2
.
U
d
z
i
a
ł
m
o
r
-
sk
i
c
h
f
a
r
m
w
i
a
tr
o
wyc
h
w
p
o
r
ó
w
n
a
n
i
u
d
o
c
a
ł
e
j
m
o
cy
z
a
i
n
st
a
l
o
w
a
n
e
j
w
e
n
e
r
ge
tyc
z
n
e
w
i
a
tr
o
-
w
e
j
d
l
a
N
i
em
i
e
c
(GE)
o
r
a
z
D
a
n
i
(DE
N
)
2
2
F
i
g
u
r
e
3
.
C
o
mpa
r
i
s
on
of
p
r
o
d
u
c
-
t
i
on
a
n
d
i
n
st
a
ll
ed
c
apa
c
i
ty
of
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
p
o
w
e
r
ge
n
e
r
a
t
i
on
s
ou
rc
e
s
a
n
d
C
O
em
i
s
-
s
i
on
s
f
r
o
m
2000 t
o
2023
fo
r
G
e
r
ma
n
y
Rys
un
e
k 3
.
Po
r
ó
w
n
a
-
n
i
e
p
r
o
d
u
kc
ji
i
m
o
cy
z
a
i
n
st
a
l
o
w
a
n
yc
h
r
ó
ż-
n
yc
h
ź
r
ó
de
ł wytw
ó
r
-
c
z
yc
h
o
r
a
z
em
i
s
ji
C
O
w
l
a
t
a
c
h
2000
d
o
2023
d
l
a
N
i
em
i
e
c
