I
n
t
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
a
n
d
i
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
c
on
c
ep
t
M
ethane i
s
o
ne
o
f the m
o
s
t p
o
tent
greenh
o
u
s
e ga
s
e
s
.
w
ith a 100-
y
ear gl
o
b-
al
w
arming p
o
tential (
G
WP100) a
s
much
a
s
25 time
s
greater than carb
o
n di
o
x
ide
[
1
].
P
o
land
.
a
s
a c
o
untr
y
w
ith a highl
y
devel
o
ped hard c
o
al mining indu
s
tr
y.
i
s
re
s
p
o
n
s
ible f
o
r the highe
s
t methane emi
s
-
s
i
o
n
s
int
o
the atm
o
s
phere in the
E
ur
o
pean
Uni
o
n
[
2
].
Particularl
y
large am
o
unt
s
o
f
thi
s
ga
s
e
s
cape
w
ith ventilati
o
n air fr
o
m
mine
s
haft
s
.
w
hich p
o
s
e
s
a
s
ignificant envi-
r
o
nmental and energ
y
challenge
.
D
e
s
pite
the
w
ide
s
pread u
s
e
o
f c
o
al
s
eam methane
drainage
s
y
s
tem
s
.
m
o
s
t mine methane
e
s
cape
s
thr
o
ugh
s
haft
s
t
o
the
s
urface
w
ith
ventilati
o
n air
.
creating a mi
x
ture
k
n
ow
n a
s
V
A
M
(Ventilati
o
n
A
ir
M
ethane)
.
The
s
hare
o
f V
A
M
in t
o
tal CH4 emi
ss
i
o
n
s
fr
o
m active
mine
s
i
s
e
s
timated at appr
o
x
imatel
y
60
%
[
3
].
and in China
.
even 80
%
[
4
].
M
ethane
c
o
ntained in V
A
M
i
s
pr
o
duced mainl
y
dur-
ing the mining pr
o
ce
ss
a
s
a re
s
ult
o
f
de
s
o
rpti
o
n
o
f thi
s
ga
s
fr
o
m the c
o
al bed
int
o
the envir
o
nment
.
T
o
maintain
s
afet
y
Ź
r
ó
d
ł
a
c
i
ep
ł
a
i
e
n
e
r
g
ii
e
l
e
kt
r
yc
z
n
e
j
/
S
ou
rc
e
s
of
h
ea
t
a
n
d
e
l
e
ctr
i
c
i
ty
T
h
e
c
on
c
ep
t
of
a
n
e
ff
e
ct
i
v
e
i
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
fo
r
b
u
r
n
i
n
g
me
t
h
a
n
e
f
r
o
m
m
i
n
e
v
e
n
t
il
a
t
i
on
a
i
r
K
on
c
ep
c
j
a
e
f
e
ktyw
n
e
j
i
n
st
a
l
a
c
ji
s
pa
l
a
n
i
a
me
t
a
nu
z
p
o
w
i
e
t
r
z
a
w
e
n
ty
l
a
cy
j
n
eg
o
k
o
pa
l
ń
P
I
O
T
R
MO
C
E
K, W
O
JC
I
E
CH
B
I
A
L
I
K, ST
A
N
I
SŁ
A
W
G
I
L,
R
OBE
R
T H
I
L
D
EB
RA
N
D
T,
R
OBE
R
T ŁU
D
ZI
E
Ń
DO
I 10
.
36119/15
.
2025
.
12
.
1
n
n
4
4
4
444
2
Thi
s
publicati
o
n pre
s
ent
s
a c
o
ncept f
o
r a
s
y
s
tem f
o
r utili
z
ing methane c
o
ntained in the ventilati
o
n air
o
f hard c
o
al mine
s
.
The devel
o
ped
s
y
s
tem enable
s
the c
o
nver
s
i
o
n
o
f methane’
s
chemical energ
y
int
o
electricit
y
and u
s
able c
oo
ling u
s
ing
w
ell-
k
n
ow
n unit pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
:
ad
s
o
rpti
o
n
.
de
s
o
rpti
o
n
.
and c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n in a ga
s
turbine
.
o
r in a turbine
w
ith an additi
o
nal
catal
y
tic c
o
nverter
.
A
k
e
y
element
o
f the c
o
ncept i
s
the u
s
e
o
f the chemical energ
y
o
f ventilati
o
n air t
o
regenerate the
ad
s
o
rpti
o
n dr
y
er and methane c
o
ncentrat
o
r
.
w
hich all
ow
s
f
o
r high energ
y
efficienc
y
o
f the entire c
y
cle
.
Calculati
o
n
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed f
o
r fl
ow
rate
s
ranging fr
o
m 82
.
900 m
3
/h
o
f air
w
ith a methane c
o
ntent
o
f 0
.
7
%
b
y
v
o
lume t
o
248
.
000 m
3
/h
o
f air
w
ith a CH c
o
ntent
o
f 0
.
2
%
b
y
v
o
lume
.
The in
s
tallati
o
n
.
w
ith a net capacit
y
o
f 1
.
3
M
W
o
f electricit
y
and 3
.
5
M
W
o
f c
oo
ling
.
all
ow
s
f
o
r the utili
z
ati
o
n
o
f an average
o
f 691
k
g/h
o
f CH fr
o
m
ventilati
o
n air methane (V
A
M
) and 314
k
g/h
o
f CH fr
o
m methane drainage (C
MM
)
.
The
s
e value
s
c
o
rre
s
p
o
nd t
o
a reducti
o
n in CH emi
ss
i
o
n
s
o
f 5
.
2
G
g CH /
y
ear fr
o
m V
A
M
and 2
.
4
G
g CH /
y
ear fr
o
m methane drainage ga
s
,
a
ss
uming 86
%
availabilit
y.
E
c
o
n
o
mic anal
y
s
i
s
s
h
ow
ed that the pa
y
bac
k
peri
o
d depend
s
s
ignificantl
y
o
n the meth
o
d
o
f calculating emi
ss
i
o
n c
o
s
t
s
.
I
n variant
s
that ta
k
e int
o
acc
o
unt the c
o
s
t
o
f C
O
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
and the effect
o
f av
o
ided
methane emi
ss
i
o
n
s
.
the pa
y
bac
k
peri
o
d can be
s
h
o
rtened t
o
le
ss
than 9
y
ear
s
.
The
o
btained re
s
ult
s
c
o
nfirm that the pr
o
p
o
s
ed techn
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
an effective
s
o
luti
o
n t
o
the pr
o
blem
o
f methane emi
ss
i
o
n
s
in
the mining indu
s
tr
y.
enabling the
s
imultane
o
u
s
pr
o
ducti
o
n
o
f electricit
y
and c
oo
ling
w
ith a p
o
s
itive ec
o
n
o
mic balance
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
:
methane, c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n, energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
, envir
o
nmental pr
o
tecti
o
n
n
n4
4
4
444
2
W publi
k
acji pr
z
ed
s
ta
w
i
o
n
o
ko
ncepcję in
s
talacji d
o
ut
y
li
z
acji metanu
z
a
w
arteg
o
w
p
ow
ietr
z
u
w
ent
y
lac
y
jn
y
m
ko
palń
w
ęgla
k
amienneg
o.
O
prac
ow
an
y
u
k
ład um
o
ż
li
w
ia pr
z
e
k
s
z
tałcenie energii chemic
z
nej metanu
w
energię
ele
k
tr
y
c
z
ną i chł
ó
d u
ż
y
t
kowy
pr
z
y
wyko
r
z
y
s
taniu
z
nan
y
ch pr
o
ce
s
ów
jedn
o
s
t
kowy
ch
:
ad
s
o
rpcji, de
s
o
rpcji
o
ra
z
s
pa-
lania
w
turbinie ga
z
ow
ej,
w
z
ględnie
w
turbinie
z
d
o
dat
kow
ą c
z
ę
ś
cią
k
atalit
y
c
z
ną
.
Kluc
z
owy
m elementem
ko
ncep-
cji je
s
t
z
a
s
t
o
s
ow
anie energii chemic
z
nej p
ow
ietr
z
a
w
ent
y
lac
y
jneg
o
d
o
regeneracji
o
s
u
s
z
ac
z
a ad
s
o
rpc
y
jneg
o
i
ko
n-
centrat
o
ra metanu, c
o
p
o
z
w
ala na
o
s
iągnięcie
wy
s
ok
iej efe
k
t
yw
n
o
ś
ci energet
y
c
z
nej całeg
o
o
biegu
.
O
blic
z
enia pr
z
epr
ow
ad
z
o
n
o
dla
s
trumienia
o
d 82 900 m
3
/h p
ow
ietr
z
a
o
z
a
w
art
o
ś
ci metanu 0
.
7
%
o
bj
.
d
o
248 000 m
3
/h p
ow
ietr
z
a
o
z
a
w
art
o
ś
ci 0
.
2
%
o
bj
.
CH
.
I
n
s
talacja
o
m
o
c
y
nett
o
1
.
3
M
W energii ele
k
tr
y
c
z
nej
i 3
.
5
M
W chł
o
du p
o
z
w
ala na ut
y
li
z
ację
ś
redni
o
d
o
691
k
g/h CH metanu
z
p
ow
ietr
z
a
w
ent
y
lac
y
jneg
o
(V
A
M
)
i 314
k
g/h CH
ś
redni
o
z
metanu
z
pr
o
ce
s
u
o
dmetan
ow
ania (C
MM
)
.
Wart
o
ś
ci te
o
dp
ow
iadają redu
k
cji emi
s
ji
CH na p
o
z
i
o
mie 5
.
2
G
g CH /r
ok
z
V
A
M
i 2
.
4
G
g CH /r
ok
ga
z
u
z
o
dmetan
ow
ania pr
z
y
z
ał
o
ż
eniu 86
%
d
y
s
-
p
o
z
y
c
y
jn
o
ś
ci
.
A
nali
z
a e
ko
n
o
mic
z
na
wyk
a
z
ała,
ż
e
ok
re
s
z
w
r
o
tu in
w
e
s
t
y
cji
z
ale
ż
y
w
z
nac
z
n
y
m
s
t
o
pniu
o
d
s
p
o
s
o
bu
r
o
z
lic
z
ania
ko
s
z
t
ów
emi
s
ji
.
W
w
ariantach u
w
z
ględniając
y
ch
ko
s
z
t emi
s
ji C
O
o
ra
z
efe
k
t uni
k
niętej emi
s
ji metanu,
c
z
a
s
z
w
r
o
tu m
o
ż
e
z
o
s
tać
s
k
r
ó
c
o
n
y
p
o
ni
ż
ej 9 lat
.
U
z
y
s
k
ane
wy
ni
k
i p
o
t
w
ierd
z
ają,
ż
e pr
o
p
o
n
ow
ana techn
o
l
o
gia
s
tan
ow
i efe
k
t
yw
ne r
o
z
w
ią
z
anie pr
o
blemu emi
s
ji
metanu
w
g
ó
rnict
w
ie, um
o
ż
li
w
iające r
ów
n
o
c
z
e
s
ne
wy
t
w
ar
z
anie energii ele
k
tr
y
c
z
nej i chł
o
du pr
z
y
d
o
datnim bilan-
s
ie e
ko
n
o
mic
z
n
y
m
.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
metan,
s
palanie,
o
d
z
y
s
k
energii,
o
chr
o
na
ś
r
o
d
ow
i
s
k
a
D
r in
ż
.
Pi
o
tr
M
o
ce
k
http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0001-9560-8462
‒
A
Pnerg
y.
1 maja 18/3
.
41-800,
Z
abr
z
e
.
mpit
@o
p
.
pl
D
r in
ż
.
B
iali
k
W
o
jciech http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0001-6181-4495, dr hab
.
in
ż
.
Stani
s
ła
w
G
il http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0003-3397-0620
‒
F
acult
y
o
f
M
aterial
s
E
ngineering
.
Sile
s
ian Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y.
Kat
ow
ice, P
o
land
.
wo
jciech
.
biali
k@
p
o
l
s
l
.
pl
.
s
tani
s
la
w.
gil
@
p
o
l
s
l
.
pl
D
r in
ż
.
Ro
bert Hildebrandt http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0001-5700-166
X
‒
G
I
G
Nati
o
nal
R
e
s
earch
I
n
s
titute
.
Kat
ow
ice
.
P
o
land
.
rhildebrandt
@
gig
.
eu
8
D
r in
ż
.
Ro
bert Łud
z
ień
‒
A
U
M
A
P
o
l
s
k
a, S
o
s
n
ow
iec; lud
z
ienr
@
auma
.
c
o
m
.
pl
9
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
12/2025
Ź
r
ó
d
ł
a
c
i
ep
ł
a
i
e
n
e
r
g
ii
e
l
e
kt
r
yc
z
n
e
j
2
4
and eliminate the p
o
ss
ibilit
y
o
f an e
x
pl
o
-
s
ive mi
x
ture
.
methane i
s
diluted b
y
air
fl
ow
ing thr
o
ugh the mine ventilati
o
n
s
y
s
-
tem
.
creating a mi
x
ture
w
ith a c
o
ncentra-
ti
o
n n
o
t e
x
ceeding 2
%
b
y
v
o
lume in min-
ing area
s
[
4
].
A
s
a re
s
ult
o
f c
o
mbining
additi
o
nal air current
s
al
o
ng it
s
fl
ow
path
t
o
the e
x
hau
s
t
s
haft
s
.
the V
A
M
c
o
ncentra-
ti
o
n dr
o
p
s
fr
o
m the ab
o
ve-menti
o
ned level
(1-2
%
) and range
s
fr
o
m 0
.
05
%
t
o
0
.
7
%
.
m
o
s
t
o
ften 0
.
2
%
[
5
].
D
e
s
pite thi
s
l
ow
CH4
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
.
V
A
M
i
s
crucial in the c
o
n-
te
x
t
o
f emi
ss
i
o
n
s
due t
o
the high airfl
ow
rate
s
in the e
x
hau
s
t
s
haft
s
.
ranging fr
o
m
10
.
000 t
o
20
.
000 m
3
/min
[
5
].
V
A
M
at
s
uch l
ow
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
p
o
s
e
s
a
s
ignifi-
cant challenge in term
s
o
f it
s
capture and
emi
ss
i
o
n reducti
o
n
.
Previ
o
u
s
attempt
s
t
o
s
o
lve thi
s
pr
o
blem have been ba
s
ed main-
l
y
o
n catal
y
tic
o
r thermal techn
o
l
o
gie
s
f
o
r
the
o
x
idati
o
n
o
f CH4 t
o
C
O
u
s
ing in
s
tal-
lati
o
n
s
in
s
talled
o
n the mine
s
urface
.
H
ow
-
ever
.
due t
o
their l
ow
efficienc
y.
primaril
y
due t
o
the l
ow
CH c
o
ncentrati
o
n in V
A
M
and the limited v
o
lume
o
f V
A
M
available
f
o
r di
s
p
o
s
al
.
the
s
e in
s
tallati
o
n
s
have n
o
t
been implemented
o
n an indu
s
trial
s
cale
[
5-7
].
T
o
meet regulat
o
r
y
requirement
s
regarding methane emi
ss
i
o
n
s
fr
o
m mine
s
.
a number
o
f initiative
s
and re
s
earch pr
o
-
gram
s
are under
w
a
y
t
o
e
x
pl
o
re the p
o
ten-
tial f
o
r u
s
ing
o
r reducing V
A
M
in a techni-
call
y
efficient and ec
o
n
o
micall
y
viable
manner
.
The t
wo
main meth
o
d
s
devel-
o
ped
.
w
hich are being further te
s
ted in
pil
o
t plant
s
.
include regenerative thermal
o
x
idi
z
er
s
(
R
T
Os
) and catal
y
tic
o
x
idi
z
er
s
(C
R
T
Os
)
.
B
o
th techn
o
l
o
gie
s
appear t
o
be
highl
y
efficient in term
s
o
f methane reduc-
ti
o
n and have p
o
tential f
o
r
s
calabilit
y.
Unf
o
rtunatel
y.
the c
o
s
t
s
o
f the in
s
tallati
o
n
s
them
s
elve
s
.
the a
ss
o
ciated infra
s
tructure
.
and
o
perating c
o
s
t
s
remain
k
e
y
barrier
s
t
o
their indu
s
trial implementati
o
n
[
8,9
].
T
o
date
.
n
o
technical in
s
tallati
o
n ha
s
been
pr
o
p
o
s
ed that
wo
uld n
o
t
o
nl
y
utili
z
e meth-
ane but al
s
o
generate u
s
eful energ
y
t
o
alleviate the energ
y
and ec
o
n
o
mic burden
o
f a mining facilit
y.
M
ethane pre
s
ent in
ventilati
o
n air (V
A
M
)
.
alth
o
ugh pre
s
ent in
l
ow
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
.
carrie
s
s
ignificant
chemical energ
y.
Until n
ow.
it ha
s
been
treated primaril
y
a
s
w
a
s
te
–
difficult t
o
di
s
p
o
s
e
o
f and unec
o
n
o
mical t
o
manage
.
H
ow
ever
.
in the era
o
f energ
y
tran
s
f
o
rma-
ti
o
n and the need t
o
reduce greenh
o
u
s
e
ga
s
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
.
there i
s
a need t
o
devel
o
p
techn
o
l
o
gie
s
that
w
ill c
o
nvert it int
o
u
s
able
energ
y
[
11,12
].
I
n recent
y
ear
s
.
numer
o
u
s
pr
o
ject
s
have been c
o
nducted
wo
rld
w
ide
o
n in
s
tallati
o
n
s
capable
o
f utili
z
ing V
A
M
.
[
9,13-14
]
Previ
o
u
s
s
o
luti
o
n
s
have f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n thermal pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
.
but their energ
y
and
4
ec
o
n
o
mic efficienc
y
have been limited
.
preventing them fr
o
m finding
w
ide
s
pread
indu
s
trial applicati
o
n
.
Thi
s
article pre
s
ent
s
the c
o
ncept
o
f an
inn
o
vative in
s
tallati
o
n that
–
u
s
ing
k
n
ow
n
unit pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
and t
y
pical
o
perating
parameter
s
–
all
ow
s
n
o
t
o
nl
y
f
o
r methane
utili
z
ati
o
n but al
s
o
f
o
r the
s
imultane
o
u
s
generati
o
n
o
f electricit
y
and u
s
able c
oo
l-
ing
.
The auth
o
r
s
’ g
o
al
w
a
s
t
o
de
s
ign a
s
y
s
-
tem that
wo
uld be b
o
th energ
y
-
efficient and ec
o
n
o
micall
y
effective
–
w
ith
o
ut the need f
o
r
s
ub
s
idie
s
o
r
s
o
lel
y
ba
s
ed
o
n av
o
ided methane emi
ss
i
o
n
s
.
Thi
s
in
s
talla-ti
o
n relie
s
o
n the
s
y
nerg
y
o
f
s
everal pr
o
-ce
ss
e
s
:
methane ad
s
o
rpti
o
n
and de
s
o
rp-ti
o
n
.
regenerati
o
n
o
f the
de
s
iccant and c
o
ncentrat
o
r bed
.
and
the u
s
e
o
f a ga
s
turbine
w
ith a
c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n chamber fueled b
y
methane
drainage ga
s
.
o
r
w
ith an addi-ti
o
nal
catal
y
tic element enabling
o
perati
o
n at
CH4 c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
w
here the c
o
mbu
s
-
ti
o
n temperature i
s
l
ow
er than the CH
aut
o
-igniti
o
n c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
f the mi
x
ture
.
Thi
s
all
ow
s
f
o
r the creati
o
n
o
f a
s
o
luti
o
n that n
o
t
4
o
nl
y
reduce
s
emi
ss
i
o
n
s
but al
s
o
genuinel
y
s
upp
o
rt
s
the energ
y
tran
s
iti
o
n
o
f the mining
indu
s
tr
y.
The ba
s
i
s
o
f the devel
o
ped
s
o
luti
o
n i
s
the a
ss
umpti
o
n that even at l
ow
CH c
o
n-
centrati
o
n
s
in V
A
M
.
a p
o
s
itive energ
y
bal-
ance can be achieved
.
I
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
de
sc
ri
p
t
i
on
2
4
4
The anal
y
z
ed in
s
tallati
o
n include
s
a
s
et
o
f ba
s
ic c
o
mp
o
nent
s
:
an ad
s
o
rpti
o
n dr
y
er
.
a methane c
o
ncentrat
o
r
.
a thermal after-
burner (
R
T
O
)
.
a ga
s
turbine
w
ith a c
o
mbu
s
-
ti
o
n chamber
.
heat e
x
changer
s
.
and an
ab
s
o
rpti
o
n chiller f
o
r c
oo
ling
.
A
diagram
o
f
the in
s
tallati
o
n i
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
ig
.
1
.
and a li
s
t
o
f it
s
c
o
mp
o
nent
s
i
s
pr
o
vided in Table 1
.
A
s
s
h
ow
n in
F
ig
.
1
.
ventilati
o
n air dra
w
n
fr
o
m the e
x
hau
s
t
s
haft (
s
tream V1) i
s
direct-
ed t
o
a
s
et
o
f ad
s
o
rpti
o
n dr
y
er
s
O
A
1
.
The
w
ater vap
o
r (H
O
) ad
s
o
rpti
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
increa
s
e
s
the air temperature
.
s
o
it i
s
c
oo
led
in c
oo
ler W1 bef
o
re the ne
x
t
s
tage
s
.
The air
then fl
ow
s
thr
o
ugh a
s
et
o
f ad
s
o
rpti
o
n meth-
ane c
o
ncentrat
o
r
s
(CH )
.
A
ir
w
ith reduced
CH c
o
ntent due t
o
p
o
s
t-c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n in the
R
T
O
i
s
di
s
charged t
o
the atm
o
s
phere b
y
centrifugal fan
s
F
1
.
R
egenerati
o
n
o
f the
O
A
1 air dr
y
er require
s
the
s
uppl
y
o
f h
o
t air
.
F
o
r thi
s
purp
o
s
e
.
the chemical energ
y
o
f part
o
f the ventilati
o
n air dra
w
n fr
o
m the
s
haft i
s
u
s
ed a
s
s
tream V6
.
F
o
r thi
s
purp
o
s
e
.
s
tream
4
V6 i
s
divided int
o
t
wo
part
s
:
s
tream n
o.
8 i
s
directed t
o
e
x
changer W1 (a r
o
tar
y
LUV
O
t
y
pe)
.
and
s
tream n
o.
10 t
o
e
x
changer W2
t
o
partiall
y
c
oo
l the air c
o
ncentrate
w
ith an
increa
s
ed CH c
o
ntent
.
The air preheated in
the e
x
changer
s
then pa
ss
e
s
t
o
the regenera-
tive thermal
o
x
idi
z
er (
R
T
O
)
.
w
here a p
o
rti
o
n
F
i
g
.
1
.
I
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
b
l
o
ck
d
i
ag
r
am
Rys
.
1
.
S
c
h
ema
t
b
l
o
k
o
wy
i
n
st
a
l
a
c
ji
1012/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
Ź
24
4
4
4
o
f the methane i
s
burned
.
Thi
s
c
o
mbined
energ
y
rec
o
ver
y
fr
o
m H
O
and CH
ad
s
o
rpti
o
n and CH c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n in the
R
T
O
enable
s
effective regenerati
o
n
o
f b
o
th the
O
A
1 dr
y
er and the K
M
1 c
o
ncentrat
o
r
.
Dow
n
s
tream
o
f the
O
A
1 dr
y
er i
s
a centrifugal fan
F
2
.
w
hich di
s
charge
s
a p
o
rti
o
n
o
f the methane-reduced ventila-
ti
o
n air int
o
the atm
o
s
phere
.
A
s
menti
o
ned
ab
o
ve
.
a p
o
rti
o
n
o
f the
R
T
O
e
x
hau
s
t ga
s
e
s
i
s
u
s
ed a
s
regenerati
o
n air in the methane
c
o
ncentrat
o
r
.
I
n thi
s
ca
s
e
.
the
s
electi
o
n
o
f
the regenerati
o
n air fl
ow
and the de
s
ign
and
o
perati
o
n
s
chedule
o
f the K
M
1
ad
s
o
rpti
o
n c
o
lumn
s
en
s
ure a ga
s
fl
ow
w
ith
the appr
o
priate CH c
o
ntent
.
I
n the meth-
ane c
o
ncentrat
o
r
.
the CH c
o
ncentrati
o
n i
s
increa
s
ed t
o
2
%
b
y
v
o
lume
.
Japane
s
e
e
x
perience c
o
nfirm
s
that a 2
%
c
o
ncentra-
ti
o
n all
ow
s
f
o
r
s
afe c
o
mpre
ss
i
o
n and c
o
m-
bu
s
ti
o
n
o
r c
o
-c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
o
f methane in the
ga
s
turbine chamber
[
15, 16
].
A
ir
w
ith a c
o
ncentrated CH4 c
o
ntent i
s
c
oo
led in e
x
changer W2 t
o
reduce the
p
ow
er required f
o
r it
s
c
o
mpre
ss
i
o
n in the
c
o
mpre
ss
o
r
.
A
fter c
oo
ling in W2
.
the air i
s
c
o
mpre
ss
ed in the turbine c
o
mpre
ss
o
r K
and then directed t
o
the c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n cham-
ber KS1
.
The c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n chamber de
s
ign
inv
o
lve
s
retr
o
fitting a t
y
pical turbine cham-
ber
w
ith the additi
o
n
o
f a pre-catal
y
tic
c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
s
ecti
o
n
.
w
hich i
s
activated if the
C
MM
ga
s
i
s
n
o
t c
o
-c
o
mbu
s
ted
.
T
o
impr
o
ve
the
o
perating parameter
s
bef
o
re the turbine
E
e
x
pander and adju
s
t them t
o
the n
o
minal
value
s
.
additi
o
nal methane drainage ga
s
w
ith a methane c
o
ntent
o
f appr
o
x
imatel
y
50
%
i
s
intr
o
duced int
o
the c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
chamber
[
5
].
A
fter e
x
pan
s
i
o
n in the turbine
E
e
x
pander
.
the e
x
hau
s
t ga
s
fl
ow
s
thr
o
ugh
the e
x
hau
s
t ga
s
/
w
ater c
oo
ler WC1
.
w
h
o
s
e
w
ater circuit
s
upplie
s
the ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit
AA
1
.
Water circulati
o
n in the heating
w
ater
circuit feeding the ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit i
s
f
o
rced
b
y
pump P1
.
w
hile the unit i
s
c
oo
led b
y
pump P2 and adiabatic c
oo
ler CH1
.
I
t
s
h
o
uld be empha
s
i
z
ed that the
o
perati
o
n
o
f
the c
oo
ler i
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith the l
o
ss
o
f
w
ater
.
w
hich i
s
a
s
ignificant c
o
s
t fact
o
r in the
o
perating balance
o
f the in
s
tallati
o
n
.
The
k
e
y
inn
o
vati
o
n
o
f the pre
s
ented
s
o
luti
o
n i
s
the u
s
e
o
f chemical energ
y
fr
o
m
ventilati
o
n air t
o
regenerate b
o
th the
O
A
1
dehumidifier and the K
M
1 methane c
o
n-
centrat
o
r
.
Thi
s
s
ignificantl
y
increa
s
e
s
the
energ
y
efficienc
y
o
f the entire pr
o
ce
ss
.
P
a
r
ame
t
e
r
s
.
p
r
o
c
e
ss
m
o
de
l
a
n
d
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
on
a
ss
u
mp
t
i
on
s
A
nal
y
tical calculati
o
n
s
are ba
s
ed
o
n the
principle
s
o
f ma
ss
and energ
y
c
o
n
s
ervati
o
n
T
ab
l
e
1
.
L
i
st
of
sy
mb
o
l
s
T
ab
li
c
a
1
.
Wyk
a
z
sy
mb
o
li
T
ab
l
e
2
.
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l
a
n
d
t
h
e
r
m
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
da
t
a
[5
,
17
,
18]
T
ab
li
c
a
2
.
D
a
n
e
ma
t
e
r
i
a
ł
o
w
e
i
t
e
r
m
o
d
y
n
am
i
c
z
n
e
[5
,
17
,
18]
T
ab
l
e
3
.
T
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
da
t
a
of
s
e
l
e
ct
ed
de
v
i
c
e
s
T
ab
li
c
a
3
.
D
a
n
e
t
e
c
hno
l
o
g
i
c
z
n
e
wy
b
r
a
n
yc
h
u
r
z
ąd
z
e
ń
D
e
sc
ri
p
t
i
on
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
i
onD
e
scr
i
p
t
i
on
AA
1
A
b
s
o
rpti
o
n unit
CH1C
oo
ler / Heat e
x
changer
E
Turbine e
x
pander
F
1
A
ir fan 1
F
2
A
ir fan 2
K Turbine c
o
mpre
ss
o
r
K
G
C
MM
ga
s
c
o
mpre
ss
o
r
K
M
1
M
ethane c
o
ncentrat
o
r
KSTurbine c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n chamber
D
e
s
i
g
n
a
t
i
on
NP1
.
NP2
O
A
1
P1
P2
R
T
O
SW
T
G
V1
V18
G
r
o
ss
p
ow
er c
o
n
s
umed b
y
pump
s
A
d
s
o
rpti
o
n dr
y
er
F
eed circulati
o
n pump
o
f ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit
C
oo
ling circulati
o
n pump
o
f ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit
Thermal
o
x
idi
z
er
Ex
hau
s
t
s
haft
E
lectricit
y
generati
o
n m
o
dule
M
ain ventilati
o
n air
C
o
al mine methane (C
MM
) ga
s
V4
.
V13
A
ir
w
ith
reduced
CH
4
c
o
ntent
V6
D
e
s
o
rpti
o
n air
M
P
G
M
PH
Nch
Nel
N
F
1
.
N
F
2
G
a
s
preparati
o
n m
o
dule
C
oo
ling generati
o
n m
o
dule
E
nerg
y
in c
oo
ling
E
lectric energ
y
G
r
o
ss
p
ow
er c
o
n
s
umed b
y
fan
s
W1
D
ried air c
oo
ler
W2 C
o
ncentrat
o
r ga
s
c
oo
ler
WC1
F
lue ga
s
/
w
ater heat e
x
changer
ParameterS
y
mb
o
lValueUnit
CH
CH
CH
Heat
o
f H
2
O
ad
s
o
rpti
o
n
[
17
]
d
i
a
w
3
850
k
J/
k
g
Heat
o
f H
2
O
de
s
o
rpti
o
n
[
17
]
d
i
d
w
3
900
k
J/
k
g
Heat
o
f
CH
4
ad
s
o
rpti
o
n
[
18
]
d
i
aC
H
4
875
k
J/
k
g
Heat
o
f
CH
4
de
s
o
rpti
o
n
[
18
]
d
i
dC
H
4
1150
k
J/
k
g
Specific heat capacit
y
o
f air
c
pa
1
.
03
k
J/(
k
g·K)
L
ow
er
cal
o
rific
value
o
f
CH
4
Wd
35
800
k
J/
k
g
4
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
in
the
s
haft
z
C
H
4
.
1
0
.
23
%
v
o
l
.
4
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
at
turbine
inlet
z
C
H
4
.
16
2
.
0
%
v
o
l
.
4
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
in
C
MM
[
5
]
z
C
H
4
.
18
50
.
0
%
v
o
l
.
Ventilati
o
n air temperature
T
1
25
/ 298
°C / K
Ventilati
o
n air humidit
y
j
1
95
%
D
ried air humidit
y
j
2
2
%
A
mbient pre
ss
ure
p
1
101325
Pa
I
s
entr
o
pic e
x
p
o
nent (
[
T
]=
K)
k
(T) 1
.
4292-6
.
77·10
-
5
T —
A
ir den
s
it
y
under
s
tandard c
o
nditi
o
n
s
r
n
1
.
27
k
g/m
3
M
ethane den
s
it
y
under
s
tandard c
o
nditi
o
n
s
r
C
H
4
0
.
71
k
g/m
3
C
MM
den
s
it
y
under
s
tandard c
o
nditi
o
n
s
r
g
1
.
01
k
g/m
3
h
h
D
e
v
i
c
e
/
P
a
r
ame
t
e
r
S
y
mb
o
l
V
a
l
u
e
U
n
i
t
E
fficienc
y
o
f heat e
x
changer W1 (LUV
O
)
h
W
1
0
.
80
C
o
mpre
ss
o
r efficienc
y
h
K
0
.
85
E
fficienc
y
o
f heat e
x
changer W2
h
W
2
0
.
75
I
s
entr
o
pic efficienc
y
o
f ga
s
c
o
mpre
ss
o
r
h
C
0
.
80
G
enerat
o
r efficienc
y
h
G
0
.
95
M
echanical efficienc
y
o
f turbine gearb
o
x
M
0
.
98
Ex
pander efficienc
y
E
0
.
86
E
ffectivene
ss
o
f
CH
4
o
x
idati
o
n
in
R
T
O
h
R
TO
0
.
97
E
ffectivene
ss
o
f
CH
4
o
x
idati
o
n
in
turbine
chamber
h
d
0
.
99
C
o
mpre
ss
i
o
n rati
o
o
f turbine c
o
mpre
ss
o
rr6
.
7
E
fficienc
y
o
f ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unitC
O
P0
.
75
Heating
w
ater
s
uppl
y
/return temp
.
f
o
r ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit
AA
1 95/55
o
C
Chilled
w
ater
s
uppl
y
/return temperature 5/10
o
C
C
oo
ling
w
ater
s
uppl
y
/return temperature f
o
r ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit32/37
o
C
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p
–
filter
+
dr
y
er
D
p
O
A
1
800
Pa
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p
–
c
o
ncentrat
o
r
D
p
o
KM
1
500 Pa
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p
–
R
T
O
D
p
R
TO
500
Pa
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p
–
W1 ga
s
.
W2 ga
s
D
p
W
1
g
.
D
p
W
2
g
750
Pa
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p
–
W1 liquid
.
W2 liquid
D
p
W
1
c
.
D
p
W
2
c
25
k
Pa
k
Pa
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p in heating
w
ater circuit f
o
r
AA
1 100
k
Pa
k
Pa
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p in chilled
w
ater circuit
O
ut
o
f anal
y
s
i
s
Pre
ss
ure dr
o
p in c
oo
ling
w
ater circuit 190
k
Pa
k
Pa
A
ir i
s
entr
o
pic e
x
p
o
nent
[
19
]
n
=
1
.
43-0
.
0001·T
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl12/202511
Ź
r
ó
d
ł
a
c
i
ep
ł
a
i
e
n
e
r
g
ii
e
l
e
kt
r
yc
z
n
e
j
n
and the de
s
cripti
o
n
o
f the therm
o
d
y
namic
parameter
s
o
f individual n
o
de
s
ba
s
ed
o
n
the main c
o
mp
o
nent
s
.
M
aterial data f
o
r
individual c
o
mp
o
nent
s
and therm
o
d
y
namic
data are pr
o
vided in Table 2
.
w
hile Table 3
pre
s
ent
s
the techn
o
l
o
gical data f
o
r the
s
elected device
s
.
A
nal
y
s
e
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed ba
s
ed
o
n
ma
ss
and energ
y
balance
s
and the ther-
m
o
d
y
namic de
s
cripti
o
n
o
f individual pr
o
-
ce
ss
n
o
de
s
.
T
y
pical perf
o
rmance parame-
ter
s
o
f indu
s
trial equipment
w
ere ta
k
en int
o
acc
o
unt
.
s
uch a
s
the efficienc
y
o
f heat
e
x
changer
s
.
c
o
mpre
ss
o
r
s
.
turbine
s
.
and
the ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit
.
Calculati
o
n
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed f
o
r the
range
o
f methane c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in venti-
lati
o
n air given in Table 4
.
The anal
y
s
i
s
al
s
o
c
o
n
s
idered
s
y
s
tem
o
perati
o
n
s
cenari
o
s
w
ith and
w
ith
o
ut the additi
o
n
o
f methane
ga
s
fr
o
m methane rem
o
val (C
MM
)
.
The
additi
o
nal C
MM
ga
s
s
tream i
s
primaril
y
intended t
o
o
ptimi
z
e the
o
perating c
o
ndi-
ti
o
n
s
and efficienc
y
o
f the ga
s
turbine
.
The ma
ss
fl
ow
o
f ventilati
o
n air
w
a
s
calculated ba
s
ed
o
n the v
o
lume fl
ow
in
m
3
/h and the air den
s
it
y
under
s
tandard
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
r
n
·
·
m
1
=
V
1
·
r
n
/3600
.
m
3
n
/
s
.
(1)
w
hile the ma
ss
fl
ow
o
f
w
ater ad
s
o
rbed in
the m
o
i
s
ture ad
s
o
rber filling ba
s
ed
o
n the
equati
o
n
··
1
m
H2
O
=
(
x
1
–
x
2
) · m
.
k
g/
s
.
(2)
12
ia
w
M
o
i
s
ture c
o
ntent
x
and
x
in humid
and dehumidified air i
s
determined fr
o
m
p
s
y
chr
o
metric data
[
20
].
A
ir temperature
d
ow
n
s
tream
o
f the dehumidifier i
s
deter-
mined fr
o
m the dehumidifier balance
acc
o
rding t
o
f
o
rmula (3) ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt the ad
s
o
rpti
o
n heat d
.
a
ss
um-
ing that energ
y
l
o
ss
e
s
fr
o
m the in
s
ulated
dehumidifier a
ss
embl
y
t
o
the envir
o
nment
are negligible
.
··
T
2
=
T
1
+
(d
ia
w
· m
H2
O
) / (m
1
· c
pa
)
.
o
C (3)
The temperature
o
f the dehumidified
ventilati
o
n air c
oo
led in W1 (LUV
O
) i
s
determined fr
o
m the balance
o
f the r
o
tar
y
heat e
x
changer u
s
ing f
o
rmula (4)
·
··
T
3
=
T
2
–
h
W1
·
[
m
2
· (T
2
‒
T
o
t
)
–
‒
m
8
· (T
8
‒
T
o
t
)
]
/m
2
.
o
C(4)
The temperature d
ow
n
s
tream
o
f the
R
T
O
i
s
given in equati
o
n (5)
.
The de
s
ign
parameter a
ss
umed
w
a
s
the methane c
o
n-
ver
s
i
o
n efficienc
y
in the regenerative after-
burner
o
f
h
R
T
O
.
The energ
y
l
o
ss
thr
o
ugh the
··
·
R
T
O
6pa
o
··
1
·
id
w
7n pa
4
·
m
·
=
V ·
z
·
r
+
·
14CH4
.
14CH4
4
·
·
k
109
efficenc
y
h
d
i
T
·
=
T
+
V·
[
W ·
z
h
+
r
·
·
pa16
o
tn
.
18dCH49 d
+
r
· c · (T
‒
T )
]
/(V·
r
· c
+
·
w
all
s
and the enthalp
y
l
o
ss
during rever-The temperature behind the turbine
s
i
o
n bet
w
een the regenerative chamber
s
e
x
pander i
s
determined fr
o
m the relati
o
n-
w
ere al
s
o
a
ss
umed a
s
Q
R
T
O
.
s
hip (12)
121411881162019
··
egpaapg
T
=
T
=
T
+
[
m · (T
‒
T )
]
/m
+
T
=
(T
+
273
.
15) ·
+
[
W
d
·
z
CH4
.
6
· (1
‒
h
R
T
O
)
]
/ (
r
n
· c
pa
)
+
·
[
1
−
h
E
· (1
−
r
{(
1
−
n)/n}
)
]
K
.
(12)
+
Q
/m · c
.
C
.
(5)
M
echanical p
ow
er
o
n the e
x
pander
The air fl
ow
f
o
r regenerati
o
n
o
f the
s
haft (14) and c
o
n
s
umed b
y
the c
o
mpre
s
-
methane c
o
ncentrat
o
r and then f
o
r c
o
mbu
s
-
s
o
r (15)
:
ti
o
n in the turbine c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n chamber i
s
N
=
(m · c
+
m · c ) ·
V
14
=
V
1
·
z
CH4
.
15
/
z
CH4
.
.
m
3
n/h
.
(6)
· (T
19
‒
T
20
)
.
k
W
.
(13)
·
fr
o
m the
s
implified dr
y
er balance
.
the tem-
N
k
=
m
a
· c
pa
· (T
17
‒
T
16
)
.
k
W
.
(14)
perature at the regenerati
o
n air
o
utlet i
s
determined
G
r
o
ss
turbine generat
o
r p
ow
er
W
C
1
AA
1
C
H1
D
I
=
(T
–
T ) ·
··
T
13
=
T
12
−
m
H2
O
·N
g
=
h
m
·
h
el
· (N
e
‒
N
k
)
.
k
W (15)
· d /(V ·
r
· c )
.
o
C
.
(7)
The pr
o
ducti
o
n
o
f c
o
ld i
s
calculated
The CH flu
x
ad
s
o
rbed/de
s
o
rbed infr
o
m the dependencie
s
(16-18)
s
pecif
y
ing
the K
M
1 c
o
ncentrat
o
r i
s
calculated fr
o
m the increa
s
e in the enthalp
y
fl
ow
o
f the cir-
the relati
o
n
s
hip (8) culating
w
ater
s
uppl
y
ing the
D
I
unit
.
the c
oo
ling p
ow
er N
o
f the ab
s
o
rpti
o
n
CH41CH41CH4
unit
w
ith the efficienc
y
c
o
efficient C
O
P
.
+
V ·
z
·
r
.
k
g/h
.
(8)
and the c
oo
ling p
ow
er N
o
f the unit
circuit required f
o
r it
s
s
table
o
perati
o
n
:
The temperature
o
f the regenerati
o
n/
c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n air
w
ith increa
s
ed CH c
o
n-
WC12021
centrati
o
n after the c
o
ncentrat
o
r i
s
· ( m
g
· c
pa
+
m
a
· c
pg
)
.
k
W(16)
1
1
T
15
=
T
14
−
m
CH4
·
N
AA
1
=
C
O
P · N
WC
.
k
W(17)
· d
idCH4
/(V
14
·
r
n
· c
p
a
)
.
°C
.
(9)
N
CH1
=
N
AA
1
+
N
WC
.
k
W(18)
I
0
–
initial
o
utla
y.
The air temperature behind the c
o
m- The acc
o
unting
s
imple pa
y
bac
k
peri
o
d
pre
ss
o
r
w
ith efficienc
y
h
i
s
w
ith
o
ut ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt depreciati
o
n i
s
T
=
(T
+
273
.
15) · (1
+
((
κ
−
1)/
κ
) ·
defined b
y
the relati
o
n
s
hip
· (r
{(
κ
−
1
)/
κ
}
−
1)/
h
κ
)
–
273
.
15
.
°C
.
(10)
P
B
P
=
I
0
/
C
F
.
(19)
The temperature behind the c
o
mbu
s
-
w
here
ti
o
n
i
chamber
s
w
ith methane c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
C
F
–
annual net ca
s
h fl
ow.
C
y
cle calculati
o
n
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed f
o
r
19
o
tn
.
16dCH49 d
o
n
the variant
w
ith the additi
o
n
o
f methane ga
s
· c · (T
‒
T )
]
+
V ·
[
W ·
z
h
+
(t
o
full
y
utili
z
e the available l
o
ad
o
f the unit
s
)
·
and f
o
r the variant
w
ith
o
ut the additi
o
n
o
f
o
npa16
o
tn
.
16
o
npa
C
MM
ga
s
.
The c
y
cle
s
w
ere anal
y
s
ed f
o
r the
+
V
n
.
16
·
r
g
· c
g
)
.
°C
.
(11)main parameter
s
li
s
ted in Table 4
.
T
ab
l
e
4
.
D
a
t
a
fo
r c
o
c
o
mb
u
st
i
on
of
VAM
w
i
t
h
C
MM
(
w
i
t
hou
t C
MM
c
o
mb
u
st
i
on
c
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
on
pa
r
ame
-
t
e
rs
)
T
ab
li
c
a
4
.
D
a
n
e
d
o
tyc
z
ą
c
e
ws
p
ó
łs
pa
l
a
n
i
a
VAM
z
C
MM
(
be
z
pa
r
ame
tr
ó
w
o
b
li
c
z
e
n
i
o
wyc
h
s
pa
l
a
n
i
a
C
MM)
P
o
s
.
Parameter
V
a
l
u
e
fo
r
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t CH
4
c
on
t
e
n
t
0
.
20
.
30
.
40
.
50
.
6
0
.
019
1V
A
M
air CH4 c
o
ntent
%
v
o
l
.
2 V
A
M
air humidit
yk
g/
k
g
3 V
A
M
ma
s
s
tream
M
g/h
4
A
ir
s
tream t
o
turbine
M
g/h
5 V
A
M
/ regenerati
o
n air ma
s
s
tream
M
g/h
6
M
ethane c
o
ntent in air after c
o
ncentrati
o
n
%
7T
I
T temperature f
o
r C
MM
additi
o
n
o
C
11SC
O
P*-
320 213 160 128 107
31
273 192 152 128 112
2
1100
3
1212/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
Ź
The SC
O
P c
o
efficient given in the table
i
s
the c
o
mparable average annual c
o
effi-
cient
o
f perf
o
rmance
o
f the refrigerati
o
n
unit
–
the c
o
mpre
ss
o
r chiller
.
ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt it
s
c
oo
ling circuit
.
The ec
o
n
o
mic
effect
s
o
f the
s
y
s
tem’
s
o
perati
o
n
w
ere
determined ba
s
ed
o
n the price
o
f electric-
it
y
and b
y
c
o
nverting the c
oo
ling generat-
ed in the
s
y
s
tem int
o
electricit
y
in a refer-
ence air c
o
nditi
o
ning
s
y
s
tem equipped
w
ith c
o
mpre
ss
o
r unit
s
w
ith a SC
O
P
o
f 3
.
C
a
l
c
u
l
a
t
i
on
r
e
s
u
l
ts
4
F
igure 2
s
ummari
z
e
s
the temperature
value
s
d
ow
n
s
tream
o
f the regenerative
afterburner and up
s
tream
o
f the turbine
(T
I
T)
.
The
s
e value
s
are f
o
r different meth-
ane c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in the V
A
M
air
.
w
ith n
o
additi
o
nal methane drainage ga
s
fl
ow
fed
int
o
the turbine c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n chamber
.
The
increa
s
e in T
I
T temperature
w
ith increa
s
ing
methane c
o
ntent re
s
ult
s
fr
o
m the decrea
s
-
ing c
oo
ling efficienc
y
o
f the W2 e
x
chang-
er
.
I
n turn
.
the temperature d
ow
n
s
tream
o
f
the regenerative afterburner
.
de
s
cribed b
y
equati
o
n (5)
.
increa
s
e
s
becau
s
e the CH
c
o
ntent in the air increa
s
e
s
.
and thu
s
the
increa
s
ed am
o
unt
o
f energ
y
in the f
o
rm
o
f
chemical enthalp
y
tran
s
late
s
int
o
an
increa
s
e in temperature
.
F
igure
s
3a and 3b
s
h
ow
the p
ow
er
requirement
s
o
f individual main circuit devic-
e
s
in the variant
s
w
ith
o
ut methane ga
s
c
o
-
firing (3a) and
w
ith c
o
-firing (3b)
.
I
t i
s
clear
that the pre
s
ence
o
f additi
o
nal fuel
s
tabili
z
e
s
the ga
s
turbine
.
reducing the p
ow
er require-
ment
s
o
f the au
x
iliar
y
equipment
.
w
hich
impr
o
ve
s
the
s
y
s
tem’
s
energ
y
balance
.
F
igure 4 c
o
mpare
s
the
s
y
s
tem’
s
c
oo
l-
ing capacit
y
f
o
r the variant
s
w
ith and
w
ith
o
ut
s
tabili
z
ing the c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
in the turbine chamber
w
ith methane ga
s
.
I
n the ca
s
e
o
f the
s
o
luti
o
n de
s
cribed in thi
s
article
.
it cann
o
t be c
o
n
s
idered SC
O
P
.
a
s
the
s
y
s
tem al
s
o
pr
o
duce
s
c
oo
ling and
electricit
y.
C
oo
ling capacit
y
increa
s
e
s
w
ith
the c
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f methane in the ventila-
ti
o
n air
.
The u
s
e
o
f methane ga
s
further
increa
s
e
s
the
s
tabilit
y
and c
o
ntinuit
y
o
f the
ab
s
o
rpti
o
n unit’
s
o
perati
o
n, all
ow
ing f
o
r
higher c
oo
ling capacit
y.
The am
o
unt
o
f methane drainage ga
s
w
ith a 50
%
CH
4
c
o
ntent required t
o
F
i
g
.
2
.
T
empe
r
a
t
u
r
e
i
n
R
T
O
ou
t
l
e
t
a
n
d
TIT
t
empe
r
a
t
u
r
e
fo
r
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
me
t
h
a
n
e
am
oun
t
i
n
VAM
a
i
r
(
w
i
t
ho
-
u
t C
MM
add
i
t
i
on)
Rys
.
2
.
T
empe
r
a
t
u
r
a
n
a
wy
l
o
c
i
e
RT
O
i
t
empe
r
a
-
t
u
r
a
TIT
d
l
a
r
ó
ż
n
yc
h
il
o
śc
i
me
t
a
nu
w
p
o
w
i
e
tr
z
u
VAM
(
be
z
d
o
da
tk
u
C
MM)
F
i
g
.
4
.
A
b
s
o
r
p
t
i
on
c
h
ill
e
r c
oo
li
n
g
c
apa
c
i
ty
fo
r
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
me
t
h
a
n
e
c
on
c
e
n
tr
a
t
i
on
Rys
.
4
.
Wy
da
j
no
ść c
h
ł
o
d
n
i
c
z
a
ag
r
ega
t
u
ab
s
o
r
p
-
cy
j
n
eg
o
d
l
a
r
ó
ż
n
yc
h
st
ę
ż
e
ń
me
t
a
nu
F
i
g
.
5
.
C
MM
(
50 %
CH4
)
ga
s
c
on
s
u
mp
t
i
on
i
n
t
h
e
o
pe
-
r
a
t
i
n
g
v
a
r
i
a
n
t w
i
t
h
o
p
t
i
ma
l
ga
s t
u
r
b
i
n
e
pa
r
ame
-
t
e
rs
Rys
.
5
.
Z
u
ż
yc
i
e
ga
z
u
C
MM
(
50% CH4
)
w w
a
r
i
a
n
c
i
e
r
o
b
o
c
z
y
m
p
r
z
y
o
p
ty
ma
l
n
yc
h
pa
r
a
-
me
tr
a
c
h
t
u
r
b
i
n
y
ga
z
o
w
e
j
a
)
b
)
F
i
g
.
3
.
Au
xili
a
ry
eq
u
i
pme
n
t
e
n
e
r
g
y c
on
s
u
mp
t
i
on
fo
r
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
me
t
h
a
n
e
c
on
c
e
n
tr
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
VAM
a
i
r
:
a
)
w
i
t
ho
-
u
t
C
MM
add
i
t
i
on
,
b
)
w
i
t
h
C
MM
c
o
mb
u
st
i
on
i
n
ga
s t
u
r
b
i
n
e
Rys
.
3
.
Z
u
ż
yc
i
e
e
n
e
r
g
ii
p
r
z
e
z
u
r
z
ąd
z
e
n
i
a
p
o
m
o
c
n
i
c
z
e
d
l
a
r
ó
ż
n
yc
h
st
ę
ż
e
ń
me
t
a
nu
w
p
o
w
i
e
tr
z
u
VAM:
a
)
be
z
d
o
da
tk
u
C
MM
,
b
)
z
e
s
pa
l
a
n
i
em
C
MM
w t
u
r
b
i
n
i
e
ga
z
o
w
e
j
a
)
b
)
F
i
g
.
6
.
N
e
t
e
l
e
ctr
i
c
p
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
(
a
)
a
n
d
n
e
t
eq
u
i
v
a
l
e
n
t
g
r
i
d
p
o
w
e
r
(
b
)
Rys
.
6
.
P
r
o
d
u
kc
j
a
e
n
e
r
g
ii
e
l
e
ktryc
z
n
e
j
n
e
tt
o
(
a
)
i
r
ó
w
no
w
a
ż
n
a
m
o
c s
i
e
c
i
o
w
a
n
e
tt
o
(
b
)
