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i
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t
e
r
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ir
of
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h
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ływ
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ó
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i
r
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t
o
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n
i
k
ó
w
n
a
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ri
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
a
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be
c
n
y w w
o
d
z
i
e
i
p
o
w
i
e
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r
z
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k
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ytyc
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s
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c
h
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Po
l
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e
SŁ
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CK
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.
36119/15
.
2025
.
12
.
10
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
D
ue t
o
micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical c
o
ntaminati
o
n,
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater (SPW) in p
oo
l ba
s
in
s
mu
s
t be
s
ubjected t
o
c
o
ntinu
o
u
s
di
s
infecti
o
n
.
The m
o
s
t c
o
mm
o
n agent
s
applied t
o
SPW
di
s
infecti
o
n are
:
s
o
dium/calcium h
y
p
o
chl
o
-
rite, ga
s
e
o
u
s
chl
o
rine, chl
o
rine di
o
x
ide, br
o
-
mine and br
o
mine c
o
mp
o
und
s
,
s
o
dium
dichl
o
r
o
i
s
o
c
y
anurate (Na
D
CC) and trichl
o
r
o
i-
s
o
c
y
anuric acid (TCC
A
)
[
1
].
A
s
a c
o
n
s
e-
quence
o
f
w
ater di
s
infecti
o
n treatment
w
ith
chl
o
rine and related chemical c
o
mp
o
und
s
,
pe
o
ple bathing in ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
are
e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
di
s
infecti
o
n b
y
-pr
o
duct
s
(
D
B
P
s
),
including trihal
o
methane
s
(TH
Ms
)
–
mainl
y
trichl
o
r
o
methane (TCl
M
)
.
F
o
r thi
s
chemical
c
o
mp
o
und, e
x
p
o
s
ure i
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith acci-
dental inge
s
ti
o
n
o
f SPW, thr
o
ugh
s
k
in c
o
ntact
D
r Sła
wo
mir
G
arb
o
ś
http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0001-8714-424
X
‒
D
epartment
o
f Nutriti
o
n and Nutriti
o
nal Value
o
f
F
oo
d, Nati
o
nal
I
n
s
titute
o
f
Public Health N
I
H
–
Nati
o
nal
R
e
s
earch
I
n
s
titute, War
s
a
w
, P
o
land
D
r in
ż
.
Do
r
o
ta Ś
w
ięcic
k
a http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/ 0000-0002-4878-3257
‒
D
epartment
o
f
E
nvir
o
nmental Health Safet
y
, Nati
o
nal
I
n
s
titute
o
f Public
Health N
I
H
–
Nati
o
nal
R
e
s
earch
I
n
s
titute, War
s
a
w
, P
o
land
.
A
dre
s
d
o
ko
re
s
p
o
ndencji/ C
o
rre
s
p
o
nding addre
ss
:
s
garb
o
s
@
p
z
h
.
g
o
v
.
pl
Stę
ż
enia trichl
o
r
o
metanu (TCl
M
)
w
wo
d
z
ie ba
s
en
ow
ej i p
ow
ietr
z
u
o
z
nac
z
o
n
o
łąc
z
nie
w
tr
z
y
na
s
tu
k
r
y
t
y
ch pł
yw
al-
niach
z
l
ok
ali
z
ow
an
y
ch
w
P
o
l
s
ce
.
D
e
z
y
nfe
k
cja
wo
d
y
ba
s
en
ow
ej p
o
dchl
o
r
y
nem
s
o
du i ga
z
owy
m chl
o
rem pr
ow
ad
z
i
d
o
p
ow
s
ta
w
ania
w
wo
d
z
ie ba
s
en
ow
ej trihal
o
metan
ów
, pr
z
ede
w
s
z
y
s
t
k
im TCl
M
,
k
t
ó
reg
o
s
tę
ż
enia
w
wo
d
z
ie niece
k
ba
s
en
ów
s
p
o
rt
owy
ch m
o
gą
o
s
iągać ma
k
s
y
malnie 28,1
µ
g/L
.
Nat
o
mia
s
t
s
tę
ż
enia TCl
M
w
p
ow
ietr
z
u hal
k
r
y
t
y
ch
pł
yw
alni m
o
gą
o
s
iągać
w
art
o
ś
ci d
o
150
µ
g/m
3
.
W
o
cenie nara
ż
enia d
o
r
o
s
ł
y
ch pł
yw
a
ków
d
o
minując
y
je
s
t ud
z
iał d
o
b
ow
ej da
wk
i inhalac
y
jnej TCl
M
,
s
tan
ow
iącej
o
d 88,2
%
d
o
98,3
%
pr
z
e
w
le
k
łeg
o
d
o
b
ow
eg
o
p
o
brania (C
D
I
) teg
o
z
w
ią
z
k
u chemic
z
neg
o
, bi
o
rąc p
o
d u
w
agę
w
s
z
y
s
t
k
ie tr
z
y
dr
o
gi nara
ż
enia
:
pr
z
y
pad
kow
e d
o
u
s
tne
s
p
o
ż
y
cie
wo
d
y
(0
.
22-1
.
5
%
C
D
I
),
ko
nta
k
t
s
kó
rn
y
z
wo
dą
(1
.
5-10
.
3
%
C
D
I
)
o
ra
z
w
d
y
chanie TCl
M
z
p
ow
ietr
z
em
.
Niemniej jedna
k
,
z
e
w
z
ględu na
o
b
s
er
wow
ane p
o
z
i
o
m
y
s
tę
ż
eń TCl
M
w
wo
d
z
ie niece
k
ba
s
en
ów
s
p
o
rt
owy
ch (SPW)
o
ra
z
w
p
ow
ietr
z
u, m
o
ż
na
s
t
w
ierd
z
ić,
ż
e nara
ż
enie
d
o
r
o
s
ł
y
ch pł
yw
a
ków
je
s
t
z
ni
ko
me (
w
s
p
ó
łc
z
y
nni
k
r
y
z
yk
a
<<
1)
.
B
i
o
rąc p
o
d u
w
agę
s
z
ac
ow
ane nara
ż
enie rat
ow
ni
ków
na TCl
M
(gł
ów
nie nara
ż
enie inhalac
y
jne)
o
ra
z
legi
s
lac
y
jnie
ok
re
ś
l
o
ną
w
art
o
ś
ć naj
wy
ż
s
z
eg
o
d
o
pu
s
z
c
z
alneg
o
s
tę
ż
enia N
D
S (8 mg/m
3
), m
o
ż
na
s
t
w
ierd
z
ić,
ż
e
o
b
s
er
wow
ane
s
tę
ż
enia teg
o
z
w
ią
z
k
u
w
p
ow
ietr
z
u hal ba
s
en
owy
ch nie
w
pł
yw
ają negat
yw
nie na
z
dr
ow
ie tej grup
y
z
a
wo
d
ow
ej
.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
trichl
o
r
o
metan,
k
r
y
te ba
s
en
y
s
p
o
rt
ow
e,
wo
da ba
s
en
ow
a, p
ow
ietr
z
e
w
e
w
nętr
z
ne, d
o
r
o
ś
li pł
yw
a-
c
y
, rat
ow
nic
y
, nara
ż
enie
C
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane (TCl
M
) in
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater (SPW) and in air
w
ere determined in a t
o
tal
o
f
thirteen ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
l
o
cated in P
o
land
.
D
i
s
infecti
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater
w
ith
s
o
dium
h
y
p
o
chl
o
rite and ga
s
e
o
u
s
chl
o
rine lead
s
t
o
the f
o
rmati
o
n
o
f trihal
o
methane
s
(TH
Ms
) in SPW, primaril
y
TCl
M
,
w
h
o
s
e
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
can reach a ma
x
imum
o
f 28
.
1
µ
g/L in
s
p
o
rt
s
p
oo
l
s
.
O
n the
o
ther hand, TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in the air
o
f hall
s
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
can reach value
s
up t
o
150
µ
g/m
3
.
I
n the a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
, the
s
hare
o
f the dail
y
inhalati
o
n d
o
s
e
o
f TCl
M
i
s
d
o
minant,
acc
o
unting fr
o
m 88
.
2
%
t
o
98
.
3
%
o
f the chr
o
nic dail
y
inta
k
e (C
D
I
)
o
f thi
s
chemical c
o
mp
o
und, ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt all
three e
x
p
o
s
ure r
o
ute
s
:
accidental
o
ral inta
k
e
o
f SPW (0
.
22-1
.
5
%
C
D
I
), dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith SPW (1
.
5-10
.
3
%
C
D
I
)
and inhalati
o
n
o
f TCl
M
w
ith the air
.
Neverthele
ss
, ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt the
o
b
s
erved level
s
o
f TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in
SPW
o
f
s
p
o
rt
s
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
and in the air, it can be c
o
ncluded that the e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
i
s
negligible
(Ha
z
ard
Q
u
o
tient
s
<<
1)
.
Ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt the e
s
timated e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f lifeguard
s
t
o
TCl
M
(mainl
y
inhalati
o
n e
x
p
o
s
ure) and the legall
y
defined
value
o
f the ma
x
imum admi
ss
ible c
o
ncentrati
o
n (8 mg/m
3
), it can be c
o
ncluded that the
o
b
s
erved c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f
thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und in the air
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
d
o
n
o
t adver
s
el
y
affect the health
o
f thi
s
pr
o
fe
ss
i
o
nal gr
o
up
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
:
trichl
o
r
o
methane, ind
oo
r
s
p
o
rt
s
p
oo
l
s
,
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater, ind
oo
r air, adult
s
w
immer
s
, lifeguard
s
, e
x
p
o
s
ure
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
no
w
e
/
Poo
l
i
n
st
a
ll
a
t
i
on
s
5812/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl12/202559
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
now
e
w
ith SPW and/
o
r air, and inhalati
o
n
o
f the air range
o
f TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in SPW
c
o
ntaining TCl
M
.
ba
s
ed
o
n data fr
o
m 15 c
o
untrie
s
w
a
s
0
.
01-
TCl
M
i
s
p
o
tentiall
y
danger
o
u
s
f
o
r human467
µ
g/L
.
health and the data c
o
ncerning c
o
ncentra-TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in the air
o
f ind
oo
r
ti
o
n level
s
o
f thi
s
v
o
latile c
o
mp
o
und in SPW
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
can reach value
s
up t
o
are
w
ide
s
pread, alth
o
ugh data c
o
ncerning 853
µ
g/m
3
and
s
imultane
o
u
s
l
y
it
s
h
o
uld be
s
uch inve
s
tigati
o
n
s
are limited in P
o
land
.
n
o
ted that n
o
P
o
li
s
h data c
o
ncerning ind
oo
r
A
brief
s
ummar
y
o
f available literature data
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
are available
.
A
detailed
o
n TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in SPW treated
w
ith literature revie
w
o
f
Ż
a
k
et al
.
[
17
]
all
ow
s
u
s
t
o
vari
o
u
s
di
s
infecti
o
n meth
o
d
s
and in the air
o
f c
o
nclude that the c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f TCl
M
in
ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
i
s
pre
s
ented in the air
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
are in a
w
ide
Table 1
[
2-14
].
range
o
f 0
.
13
‒
373
µ
g/m
3
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
,
I
t can be c
o
ncluded that TCl
M
c
o
ncen-ba
s
ed
o
n a revie
w
o
f 17 independent
s
tud-
trati
o
n
s
reach high value
s
in SPW
–
up t
o
ie
s
, it
w
a
s
f
o
und that the average c
o
ncentra-
212
µ
g/L, e
s
peciall
y
w
hen
s
o
dium/calciumti
o
n can reach value
s
up t
o
224
µ
g/m
3
[
15
].
h
y
p
o
chl
o
rite and ga
s
e
o
u
s
chl
o
rine areThe c
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f TCl
M
in the air
o
f indi-
applied a
s
di
s
infecti
o
n agent
s
(up t
o
208
.
2vidual ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
i
s
influ-
µ
g/L in P
o
land)
.
I
n a revie
w
publi
s
hed b
y
enced b
y
s
everal fact
o
r
s
[
15, 17
].
Hu
ss
ain et al
.
[
15
]
, ba
s
ed
o
n 28 independ-Since the
o
b
s
erved c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f
ent
s
tudie
s
, the mean and range
o
f TCl
M
br
o
m
o
dichl
o
r
o
methane, dibr
o
m
o
chl
o
r
o
meth-
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in SPW
w
ere rep
o
rted a
s
ane and tribr
o
m
o
methane d
o
n
o
t reach high
63
.
8
µ
g/L and
w
ithin the range
o
f 0
.
0- level
s
in SPW and in air (n
o
n-publi
s
hed
ow
n
4400
.
0
µ
g/L, re
s
pectivel
y.
I
n an
o
ther re
s
ult
s
), the a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure ma
y
be
revie
w
article b
y
Z
hang et al
.
[
16
]
, the limited t
o
TCl
M
.
The
I
nternati
o
nal
A
genc
y
f
o
r
R
e
s
earch
o
n Cancer (
I
AR
C) cla
ss
ifie
s
trichl
o
r
o
methane
am
o
ng the c
o
mp
o
und
s
p
o
ss
ibl
y
carcin
o
gen-
ic t
o
human
s
(gr
o
up 2
B
), having a negative
effect
o
n the nerv
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem, liver and
k
id-
ne
y
s
[
18
].
Ex
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
i
s
o
f particular
imp
o
rtance f
o
r the health
o
f
s
w
immer
s
due t
o
the fact that l
o
ng-term e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
thi
s
c
o
m-
p
o
und can cau
s
e negative health effect
s
.
A
fter ab
s
o
rpti
o
n and entering the bl
oo
d-
s
tream, trichl
o
r
o
methane i
s
di
s
tributed t
o
vir-
tuall
y
all
o
rgan
s
, and the di
s
tributi
o
n
o
f thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und am
o
ng individual
o
rgan
s
/ti
ss
ue
s
d
o
e
s
n
o
t differ qualitativel
y
w
ith different
r
o
ute
s
o
f the e
x
p
o
s
ure
.
The target
o
rgan
s
in
w
hich trichl
o
r
o
methane accumulate
s
are pri-
maril
y
the liver,
k
idne
y
s
and the central nerv-
o
u
s
s
y
s
tem
.
The m
o
s
t frequentl
y
o
b
s
erved
negative health effect
s
are a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith
di
s
o
rder
s
o
f their pr
o
per functi
o
ning
.
The
main t
o
x
ic effect
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane i
s
liver
damage
[
19, 20
].
I
n particular, e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
trichl
o
r
o
meth-
ane b
y
inhalati
o
n ma
y
cau
s
e additi
o
nal
negative health effect
s
–
the inhalati
o
n
o
f thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und include
s
h
o
rtne
ss
o
f breath and
irritati
o
n
o
f the n
o
s
e and thr
o
at
.
I
ndividual
s
w
h
o
s
urvive an acute e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
trichl
o
-
r
o
methane ma
y
devel
o
p hepatic
d
y
s
functi
o
n and renal damage
s
everal da
y
s
later
.
The reference d
o
s
e (
R
f
D
) f
o
r
o
ral trichl
o
-
r
o
methane upta
k
e
w
a
s
s
et at 0
.
01 mg/(
k
g·
da
y
) ba
s
ed
o
n the l
ow
e
s
t d
o
s
e a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith
s
pecific effect
s
o
n the human b
o
d
y
–
BM
D
L10
[
19, 21
].
P
o
land ha
s
intr
o
duced ma
x
imum admi
s
-
s
ible c
o
ncentrati
o
n (
M
A
C) level
s
f
o
r TCl
M
and
s
um
o
f TH
Ms
in SPW at 30
µ
g/L and
100
µ
g/L
[
22
]
, re
s
pectivel
y.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
,
s
everal
M
ember State
s
o
f the
E
ur
o
pean
Uni
o
n have regulat
o
r
y
guideline
s
f
o
r TH
Ms
in
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
–
the c
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f
TH
Ms
i
s
limited t
o:
20
µ
g/L in
A
u
s
tria and
G
erman
y
[
23
]
, 25
µ
g/L in
D
enmar
k
[
24
]
,
50
µ
g/L in
F
inland
[
25
]
, 50
µ
g/L in Hun-
gar
y
and Sl
o
venia
[
26, 27
]
, and 100
µ
g/L
in
F
rance
[
28
].
O
n the
o
ther hand, the ma
x
imum permi
s
-
s
ible c
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane in the
air
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
ha
s
n
o
t
been e
s
tabli
s
hed b
y
la
w.
The intermediate aim
o
f the re
s
earch
w
a
s
t
o
inve
s
tigate the
o
ccurrence
o
f TCl
M
b
o
th in
SPW and in the air
o
f thirteen public ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
l
o
cated in P
o
land
.
The
determinati
o
n
s
o
f thi
s
v
o
latile c
o
mp
o
und in
SPW and in the air
w
ere perf
o
rmed b
y
vali-
dated meth
o
d
s
ba
s
ed
o
n a ga
s
chr
o
mat
o
g-raph
y
w
ith electr
o
n capture
detecti
o
n (
G
C-
E
C
D
)
.
The main
o
bjective
w
a
s
t
o
e
s
ti-mate the e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
(n
o
n-pr
o
fe
ss
i
o
nal e
x
p
o
s
ure)
and ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l lifeguard
s
(pr
o
fe
ss
i
o
nal
T
ab
l
e
1
.
C
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
s
of
tr
i
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
(
mea
n
s
a
n
d
r
a
n
ge
s
)
i
n
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
w
a
t
e
r
(
S
P
W
)
a
n
d
a
i
r
i
n
i
n
d
oo
r
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
h
a
ll
s
l
o
c
a
t
ed
i
n
v
a
r
i
ou
s c
oun
tr
i
e
s
(n
–
nu
mbe
r
of
t
e
st
ed
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
s
)
a
n
d
t
h
e
d
i
s
i
nf
e
ct
i
on
me
t
ho
d
s
u
s
ed
T
abe
l
a
1
.
S
t
ę
ż
e
n
i
a
t
ri
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
a
nu
(
śr
ed
n
i
e
i
z
a
kr
e
sy
)
w w
o
d
z
i
e
ba
s
e
no
w
e
j
(
S
P
W
)
i
p
o
w
i
e
tr
z
u
ba
s
e
nó
w k
r
ytyc
h
p
ływ
a
l
n
i
w r
ó
ż
n
yc
h
kr
a
j
a
c
h
(n
–
li
c
z
ba
bada
n
yc
h
ba
s
e
nó
w
)
o
r
a
z
st
o
s
o
w
a
n
e
me
t
o
d
y
de
z
y
nf
e
kc
ji
ane in SPW (
µ
g/L)
C
o
ncentrati
o
n
3
C
o
untr
y
C
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f trichl
o
r
o
meth-
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane in air
M
eth
o
d
[
reference
]
(
µ
g/m )
o
f di
s
infecti
o
n
M
ean (n)
R
ange
M
ean (n)
R
ange
Na
O
Cl
P
o
land
[
2
]
nd
a)
(5)26
.
0-208
.
2nd
a)
nd
a)
(0
.
1-0
.
9 mg/l)
P
o
land
[
3
]
nd
a)
(2) 1
.
4-3
.
0nd
a)
nd
a)
Na
O
Cl
Canada
[
4
]
64
.
7 (40)21
.
7-132
.
4191
.
3 (41)58
.
1-552
.
2chl
o
rinati
o
n
G
erman
y
[
5
]
24
.
2 (1) 12
.
3-45
.
7 nd
a)
nd
a)
ga
s
e
o
u
s
chl
o
rine
Spain
[
6
]
15 (32) 8
.
5-19 31 (32) 19
.
5-48 chl
o
rine
Spain
[
6
]
0
.
16 (7) 0
.
08-0
.
30 3
.
0 (7) 1
.
7-4
.
8 br
o
mine
–
Na
O
Cl (7 p
oo
l
s
; in 5 p
oo
l
s
–
UV radiati
o
n)
P
o
rtugal
[
7
]
nd
a)
(30)5-155nd
a)
(3)40-200
–
chl
o
rinati
o
n and i
s
o
c
y
anurate
s
(11 p
oo
l
s
)
–
b
o
th di
s
infecti
o
n meth
o
d
s
(2 p
oo
l
s
)
2
–
Na
O
Cl (7 p
oo
l
s
)
–
Ca(
O
Cl) (7 p
oo
l
s
)
I
tal
y
[
8
]
28
.
9 (24)2
.
5-122nd
a)
nd
a)
–
s
o
dium dichl
o
r
o
i
s
o
c
y
anurate
Na
D
CC (5 p
oo
l
s
)
–
trichl
o
r
o
i
s
o
c
y
anuric acid
5 p
oo
l
s
)
19
.
50-114
.
50
(12)
48-459
.
50
(12)
–
Na
O
Cl (7 p
oo
l
s
)
I
tal
y
[
9
]
9-17916-853
–
s
o
dium dichl
o
r
o
i
s
o
c
y
anurate
Na
D
CC (5 p
oo
l
s
)
[
10
]
United Kingd
o
m
121
.
1 (24)45-212nd
a)
nd
a)
chl
o
rinati
o
n
China
[
11
]
66
.
22 (21)9
.
3-159
.
68348
.
06269
.
60-516
.
22nd
a)
Spain
[
12
]
31
.
08 (155
b)
) 2
.
93-196
.
00 nd
a)
nd
a)
chl
o
rinati
o
n
1
.
19 (20) 0
.
20-11
.
10 nd
a)
nd
a)
br
o
minati
o
n
P
o
rtugal
[
13
]
nd
a)
(10)
<
7-135nd
a)
nd
a)
nd
a)
I
ran
[
14
]
2
169
.
5 (1)159
.
9-180
.
3226
.
3nd
a)
Ca(
O
Cl)
156
.
9 (1)148
.
6-166
.
6188
.
0nd
a)
o
z
o
ne and Ca(
O
Cl)
2
a)
n
o
data available
.
b)
including
o
utd
oo
r p
oo
l
s
.
6012/2025
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
I
e
x
p
o
s
ure) t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane pre
s
ented in
SPW and in the air
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
.
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
a
n
d
me
t
ho
d
s
S
amp
li
n
g
of
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
w
a
t
e
r,
s
amp
l
e
p
r
epa
r
a
t
i
on
a
n
d
p
r
e
c
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
of
t
ri
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
b
y
li
q
u
i
d
-
li
q
u
i
d
e
x
t
r
a
ct
i
on
The re
s
earch
w
a
s
c
o
nducted bet
w
een
2020 and 2021
.
A
ll SPW
s
ample
s
w
ere ta
k
en
at appr
o
x
imatel
y
30 cm under the
w
ater
s
ur-
face
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
.
T
wo
parallel
s
ample
s
w
ere c
o
llected int
o
100 ml b
o
ttle
s
made
o
f an
amber gla
ss
w
ith a gr
o
und gla
ss
s
t
o
pper
s
and
pre
s
erved
o
n-
s
ite
w
ith
s
o
dium thi
o
s
ulfate
(
M
erc
k
K
G
a
A
,
G
erman
y
)
.
Tran
s
p
o
rt and
s
t
o
r-
age
o
f the SPW
s
ample
s
w
ere carried
o
ut in
a dar
k
place at 4
o
C
±
2
.
5
o
C
.
F
o
r each SPW
s
ample, a d
o
uble e
x
trac-
ti
o
n
o
f TCl
M
w
a
s
perf
o
rmed u
s
ing 10 ml ali-
qu
o
t
s
o
f the
s
ample
.
10 ml p
o
rti
o
n
s
o
f SPW
w
ere
w
ithdra
w
n fr
o
m the
o
riginal
s
ample
u
s
ing a gla
ss
pipette (cla
ss
A
,
B
rand,
G
er-
man
y
) int
o
15 ml gr
o
und gla
ss
te
s
t tube
s
.
Then, 2 ml
o
f n-pentane (
M
erc
k
K
G
a
A
,
G
erman
y
)
w
ere added t
o
each
o
f them al
s
o
u
s
ing a gla
ss
pipette
.
The tube
s
w
ere tightl
y
cl
o
s
ed
w
ith
s
t
o
pper
s
and their c
o
ntent
s
w
ere
s
ha
k
en vig
o
r
o
u
s
l
y
f
o
r 4 minute
s
w
ith the u
s
e
o
f a t
y
pe 3018
s
ha
k
er (
GF
L,
G
erman
y
)
.
The
n-pentane e
x
tract
s
w
ere ta
k
en
w
ith a gla
ss
pipette and p
o
ured int
o
aut
o
s
ampler vial
s
w
hich
w
ere tightl
y
s
cre
w
ed
.
TCl
M
in the
n-pentane e
x
tract
s
w
a
s
determined b
y
a ga
s
chr
o
mat
o
graph
y
w
ith electr
o
n capture
detecti
o
n (
G
C-
E
C
D
)
.
M
e
t
ho
d
of
t
h
e
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
of
t
ri
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
i
n
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
w
a
t
e
r
b
y
G
C
-
E
C
D
Trichl
o
r
o
methane determinati
o
n
s
in SPW
b
y
G
C-
E
C
D
w
ere perf
o
rmed acc
o
rding t
o
an
accredited
ow
n meth
o
d ba
s
ed
o
n the PN-
E
N
I
S
O
10301
:
2002
[
29
].
The
G
C 6890N
s
y
s
-
tem (
A
gilent Techn
o
l
o
gie
s
, US
A
) c
o
n
s
i
s
t
s
o
f
an aut
o
matic inject
o
r (7683
B
) c
o
mbined
w
ith
an aut
o
s
ampler (
G
2614
A
) and an
E
C
D
detect
o
r
.
A
HP-5 anal
y
tical c
o
lumn (30 m
×
0
.
32 mm, 0
.
25
µ
m)
w
a
s
u
s
ed t
o
s
eparate
TH
Ms
.
The in
s
trumental parameter
s
o
f the
G
C-
E
C
D
s
y
s
-tem, the temperature pr
o
gram
and the valida-ti
o
n parameter
s
o
f the meth
o
d
u
s
ed t
o
deter-mine TCl
M
in SPW
w
ere
pre
s
ented in detail in a previ
o
u
s
publicati
o
n
[
3
].
A
ir
s
amp
li
n
g
a
n
d
t
h
e
me
t
ho
d
of
t
h
e
de
t
e
r
m
i
n
a
t
i
on
of
t
ri
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
i
n
t
h
e
a
ir
of
i
n
d
oo
r
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
h
a
ll
s
b
y
G
C
-
E
C
D
A
pump
s
o
f t
y
pe 224-52
M
T
X
(SKC Ltd
.
,
UK)
w
ere u
s
ed f
o
r the a
s
pirati
o
n
o
f
s
pecific
v
o
lume
s
o
f the air
w
ith a fl
ow
rate
o
f 20
±
1
L/h
.
The fl
ow
s
at the beginning and during
the te
s
t
s
w
ere c
o
ntr
o
lled u
s
ing a SKC Chec
k
-
M
ate calibrated ma
ss
fl
ow
c
o
ntr
o
ller (SKC
Ltd
.
, UK)
.
The trichl
o
r
o
methane
w
a
s
prec
o
n-
centrated f
o
r 45 min
.
o
n
A
na
s
o
rb CSC tube
s
(SKC
I
nc
.
, US
A
)
w
ith c
o
c
o
nut
s
hell charc
o
al
.
Thu
s
, the t
o
tal v
o
lume
o
f the
s
ampled air
w
a
s
15 l
.
A
fter the prec
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
tep, the
tube
s
w
ere di
s
a
ss
embled fr
o
m the end
s
o
f
s
ilic
o
ne h
o
s
e
s
.
B
ef
o
re anal
y
s
i
s
, the tube
s
w
ere cut and the activated carb
o
n
w
ith pre-
c
o
ncentrated TCl
M
p
o
ured int
o
gla
ss
vial
s
w
ith
s
cre
w
cap
s
w
ith Tefl
o
n
w
a
s
her
s
.
A
fter the
additi
o
n
o
f 4 ml
o
f n-pentane, the de
s
o
rpti
o
n
o
f the c
o
ncentrated anal
y
te
w
a
s
carried
o
ut
f
o
r 3 minute
s
at an amplitude
o
f 300 u
s
ing
a t
y
pe 3018
s
ha
k
er
.
Then, in the ca
s
e
o
f l
ow
TCl
M
c
o
ntent
s
, the undiluted n-pentane
e
x
tract
w
a
s
directl
y
anal
y
z
ed b
y
a meth
o
d
ba
s
ed
o
n the
G
C-
E
C
D
technique
.
I
n the
ca
s
e
s
o
f higher TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
, appr
o
-
priate diluti
o
n
s
o
f the e
x
tract
w
ere made
u
s
ing n-pentane
.
The c
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f TCl
M
in the air
w
a
s
calculated acc
o
rding t
o
the f
o
ll
ow
ing equa-
ti
o
n
:
T
C
lM
E
p
air
w
here
:
C
–
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in the air
(
µ
g/m
3
),
C
–
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in a n-pentane
e
x
tract (
µ
g/L),
V
–
n-pentane v
o
lume (L)
=
0
.
004 L,
R
–
diluti
o
n fact
o
r
o
f n-pentane e
x
tract,
V
–
t
o
tal v
o
lume
o
f a
s
pirated air
=
15 L
.
The main validati
o
n parameter
s
o
f the
G
C-
E
C
D
meth
o
d in c
o
mbinati
o
n
w
ith the
anal
y
te prec
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
n gla
ss
s
o
rpti
o
n
tube
s
applied t
o
the determinati
o
n
o
f TCl
M
in
the air are a
s
f
o
ll
ow
s
:
limit
o
f detecti
o
n (L
O
D
)
–
0
.
13
µ
g/m
3
, limit
o
f quantificati
o
n (L
OQ
)
–
0
.
43
µ
g/m
3
, repeatabilit
y
–
0
.
86-1
.
8
%
,
average rec
o
ver
y
–
103
%
.
A
ss
e
ss
me
n
t
of
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
of
ad
u
l
t
sw
i
mme
r
s
a
n
d
li
f
eg
u
a
r
d
s t
o
t
ri
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
v
i
a
d
i
ff
e
r
e
n
t
r
ou
t
e
s
of
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
P
o
ss
ible e
x
p
o
s
ure path
w
a
y
s
t
o
trichl
o
-
r
o
methane pre
s
ent in SPW and in the air
o
f
ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
are pre
s
ent-
ed in the
s
ub
s
ecti
o
n
s
bel
ow.
ing
A
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater inge
s
ti
o
n
.
The e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith
the
o
ral inge
s
ti
o
n
o
f SPW, e
s
timated a
s
the
chr
o
nic dail
y
inta
k
e (C
D
I
(mg/(
k
g·da
y
)))
w
a
s
a
ss
e
ss
ed acc
o
rding t
o
the f
o
ll
ow
ing
equati
o
n
[
30,
3
1
]
(
R
f
D
=
0
.
01 mg/(
k
g·da
y
))
[
21
]
)
:
w
ing
w
here
:
C
–
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in SPW (mg/L);
I
R
–
accidental inge
s
ti
o
n rate (L/h
o
ur);
T
–
durati
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming event (h
o
ur
s
/
event);
F
–
s
w
imming frequenc
y
(event
s
/
y
ear);
E
D
–
e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n (
y
ear);
B
W
–
b
o
d
y
w
eight (
k
g);
A
T
–
averaging time (da
y
)
.
der
A
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith dermal
c
o
ntact
w
ith
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater
.
Trichl
o
r
o
methane ma
y
be ab
s
o
rbed
thr
o
ugh dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith SPW during
s
w
imming,
w
hich ma
y
p
o
s
e a ri
s
k
t
o
health
o
f
adult
s
w
immer
s
.
The C
D
I
(mg/(
k
g·da
y
))
thr
o
ugh dermal e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
thi
s
chemical
c
o
mp
o
und in the SPW
w
a
s
e
s
timated
acc
o
rding t
o
the f
o
ll
ow
ing equati
o
n
[
2
1,
3
1
]
(
R
f
D
=
0
.
01 mg/(
k
g·da
y
)
[
2
1
]
)
:
w
p
w
here
:
C
–
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in SPW (mg/L);
K
–
s
k
in permeabilit
y
(cm/h);
S
A
–
area
o
f b
o
d
y
s
k
in e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
w
ater
(cm
2
);
T
–
durati
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming event (h/
event);
F
–
s
w
imming frequenc
y
(event
s
/
y
ear);
E
D
–
e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n (
y
ear);
C
F
–
c
o
nver
s
i
o
n fact
o
r (L/cm
3
);
B
W
–
b
o
d
y
w
eight (
k
g);
A
T
–
averaging time (da
y
)
.
der
A
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f lifeguard
s
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith dermal
c
o
ntact
w
ith the air c
o
ntaining thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und
.
Trichl
o
r
o
methane ma
y
be ab
s
o
rbed
thr
o
ugh dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith the air c
o
ntaining
thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und,
w
hich ma
y
p
o
s
e a ri
s
k
t
o
health
o
f lifeguard
s
.
The C
D
I
(mg/(
k
g·da
y
))
thr
o
ugh dermal e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
in the air
w
a
s
e
s
timated acc
o
rding t
o
the f
o
ll
ow
ing
equati
o
n
[
21,
3
1
]
(
R
f
D
=
0
.
01 mg/(
k
g·da
y
))
[
21
]
)
:
a
w
here
:
C
–
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in the air
o
f hall
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilit
y
mea
s
ured at a height
o
f 1
.
15-1
.
5 m
(mg/m
3
);
K
p
–
s
k
in permeabilit
y
(cm/h);
I
n
st
a
l
a
c
j
e
ba
s
e
now
e
S
A
–
area
o
f b
o
d
y
s
k
in e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
air
(cm
2
);
T
–
dail
y
wo
r
k
ing time e
x
cluding brea
k
s
(h/da
y
);
F
–
wo
r
k
ing frequenc
y
(da
y
s
/
y
ear);
E
D
–
e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n (
y
ear);
C
F
–
c
o
nver
s
i
o
n fact
o
r (m
3
/cm
3
);
B
W
–
b
o
d
y
w
eight (
k
g);
A
T
–
averaging time (da
y
)
.
inh
A
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
and lifeguard
s
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith inhalati
o
n
o
f the air
c
o
ntaining thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und
.
The e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith the
inhalati
o
n
o
f the air, e
s
timated a
s
the C
D
I
(mg/(
k
g·da
y
))
o
f thi
s
chemical c
o
mp
o
und,
w
a
s
a
ss
e
ss
ed acc
o
rding t
o
the f
o
ll
ow
ing equa-
ti
o
n
[
30, 31
]:
a
a
w
here
:
C
–
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n in the air
o
f hall
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilit
y
mea
s
ured at a height
o
f 30 cm
(adult
s
w
immer
s
)
o
r 1
.
15-1
.
5 m (life-
guard
s
) (mg/m
3
);
I
R
–
air inta
k
e rate (m
3
/h);
T
–
durati
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming event (h/
event) (adult
s
w
immer
s
)
o
r dail
y
wo
r
k
ing time e
x
cluding brea
k
s
(h/
da
y
) (lifeguard
s
);
F
–
s
w
imming frequenc
y
(event
s
/
y
ear)
(adult
s
w
immer
s
)
o
r
wo
r
k
ing fre-
quenc
y
(da
y
s
/
y
ear) (lifeguard
s
);
E
D
–
e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n (
y
ear);
B
W
–
b
o
d
y
w
eight (
k
g);
A
T
–
averaging time (da
y
)
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
a
n
d
d
i
sc
u
ss
i
on
The c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane
in SPW
w
ere determined f
o
r a t
o
tal
o
f thir-
teen ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
(
B
1-
B
1
3)
.
I
n t
w
elve
o
f the
s
w
imming p
oo
l facili-
tie
s
(
B
1-
B
12),
w
ater di
s
infecti
o
n
w
a
s
c
o
n-
ducted
w
ith an aque
o
u
s
s
o
luti
o
n
o
f
s
o
dium
h
y
p
o
chl
o
rite
.
I
n the remaining thirteenth
facilit
y
(
B
1
3) di
s
infecti
o
n
w
a
s
carried
o
ut
w
ith the u
s
e
o
f a chl
o
rine ga
s
.
I
n the
ab
o
ve-menti
o
ned ind
oo
r p
oo
l
s
, aut
o
matic
s
o
dium h
y
p
o
chl
o
rite d
o
s
ing i
s
carried
o
ut t
o
maintain the free chl
o
rine level in the range
o
f 0
.
3-0
.
6 mg/L
.
The d
o
s
ing
o
f
s
o
dium
h
y
p
o
chl
o
rite
s
o
luti
o
n at c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
ranging fr
o
m 12-15
%
, under an
o
ptimal pH
o
f 7
.
2-7
.
6, depend
s
o
n the p
oo
l’
s
chl
o
rine
demand, but ma
y
var
y
depending
o
n the
u
s
er l
o
ad and individual p
oo
l c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
Table 2
s
h
ow
s
TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n level
s
determined in SPW ta
k
en in thirteen public
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
(
s
p
o
rt
s
p
oo
l
s
)
.
I
n the
ca
s
e
s
o
f te
s
ted ind
oo
r
s
o
bject
s
, trichl
o
-
r
o
methane c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in SPW
w
ere in
the range
o
f 10
.
5-28
.
1
µ
g/L
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, Table 2
s
h
ow
s
trichl
o
-
s
w
imming frequenc
y
–
1
20 event
s
/
y
ear;
r
o
methane c
o
ncentrati
o
n level
s
determinede
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
–
30
y
ear
s
; b
o
d
y
in the air
o
f 13 ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
w
eight
–
80
k
g; averaging time
–
30·365
(air
s
ampled at a height
o
f 30 cm ab
o
ve theda
y
s
.
p
oo
l
s
urface and air
s
ampled at a height
o
fLifeguard
s
practicall
y
d
o
n
o
t u
s
e
s
w
im-
1
.
1
5-1
.
5 m ab
o
ve the fl
oo
r level adjacent t
o
ming p
oo
l
s
during their
wo
r
k
, and bathing
the
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
)
.
F
o
r inhalati
o
n e
x
p
o
s
ure can be treated a
s
incidental event
s
(
s
urve
y
a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
, TCl
M
c
o
ncen- data)
.
Theref
o
re,
w
hen e
s
timating lifeguard
trati
o
n
s
in the air c
o
llected at a height
o
f 30 e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
, incidental inge
s
ti
o
n
o
f
cm ab
o
ve the
s
w
imming p
oo
l ba
s
in
w
ere SPW and dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith SPW
w
ere n
o
t
u
s
ed
.
I
n the ca
s
e
o
f lifeguard
s
, the c
o
ncentra- ta
k
en int
o
acc
o
unt
.
The value
s
o
f the param-
ti
o
n
s
o
f TCl
M
in the air c
o
llected at height
s
o
f eter
s
nece
ss
ar
y
f
o
r the e
x
p
o
s
ure a
ss
e
ss
ment
1
.
15
–
1
.
5 m
w
ere u
s
ed t
o
e
s
timate the inha-
o
f lifeguard
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith t
wo
r
o
ute
s
o
f
lati
o
n and dermal e
x
p
o
s
ure
.
e
x
p
o
s
ure are given bel
ow
[
32
]:
Trichl
o
r
o
methane
w
a
s
pre
s
ent in the air
–
dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith air
:
area
o
f b
o
d
y
o
f hall
s
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
at the c
o
n-
s
k
in e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
the air
–
19500 cm
2
;
centrati
o
n level
s
up t
o
150
µ
g/m
3
(30 cm)
s
k
in permeabilit
y
–
0
.
0089 cm/h; dail
y
and up t
o
92
µ
g/m
3
(1
.
15-1
.
5 m)
.
wo
r
k
ing time e
x
cluding brea
k
s
–
7
.
5
The main e
x
p
o
s
ure path
w
a
y
s
o
f e
x
p
o
-h
o
ur/da
y
;
wo
r
k
ing frequenc
y
–
238
s
ure t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane in
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
da
y
s
/
y
ear; e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
–
30
are
:
incidental
o
ral inge
s
ti
o
n
o
f SPW, dermal
y
ear
s
; b
o
d
y
w
eight
–
80
k
g; averaging
c
o
ntact
w
ith SPW and inhalati
o
n
o
f the airtime
–
30·365 da
y
s
; c
o
nver
s
i
o
n fact
o
r
fr
o
m hall
s
.
–
1∙10
-6
m
3
/cm
3
,
The value
s
o
f the parameter
s
nece
ss
ar
y
–
inhalati
o
n
:
air inta
k
e rate
–
1 m
3
/h;
f
o
r the e
x
p
o
s
ure a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f adult
s
w
im- dail
y
wo
r
k
ing time e
x
cluding brea
k
s
–
mer
s
a
ss
o
ciated
w
ith vari
o
u
s
r
o
ute
s
o
f e
x
p
o
- 7
.
5 h
o
ur/da
y
;
wo
r
k
ing frequenc
y
–
238
s
ure are given bel
ow
[
32
]:
da
y
s
/
y
ear; e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
–
30
–
incidental inge
s
ti
o
n
o
f SPW
:
SPW inge
s
-
y
ear
s
; b
o
d
y
w
eight
–
80
k
g; averaging
ti
o
n rate
s
–
0
.
025 L/h; durati
o
n
o
f
s
w
im-time
–
30·365 da
y
s
.
ming event
–
1 h
o
ur/event;
s
w
imming
A
n
o
n-
o
ccupati
o
nal e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
trichl
o
-
frequenc
y
–
1
20 event
s
/
y
ear; e
x
p
o
s
ure r
o
methane f
o
r adult
s
w
immer
s
c
o
nnected
durati
o
n
–
30
y
ear
s
; b
o
d
y
w
eight
–
80
w
ith an
o
ral inta
k
e, dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith
k
g; averaging time
–
30·365 da
y
s
,
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater and inhalati
o
n
o
f the
–
dermal c
o
ntact
:
area
o
f b
o
d
y
s
k
inair are pre
s
ented in Table 3
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, the
e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
SPW
–
19500 cm
2
;
s
k
in per-Ha
z
ard
Q
u
o
tient
s
(H
Q
)
w
ere e
s
timated
.
The
meabilit
y
–
0
.
0089 cm/h; durati
o
n
o
fl
ow
e
s
t n
o
n-
o
ccupati
o
nal e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
s
w
imming event
–
1 h
o
ur/event;
s
w
im-in adult
s
w
immer
s
w
a
s
e
s
timated f
o
r
s
w
im-
ming frequenc
y
–
120 event
s
/
y
ear;ming p
oo
l facilit
y
B
4 and the highe
s
t f
o
r
e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
–
30
y
ear
s
; b
o
d
y
facilit
y
B
9
.
w
eight
–
80
k
g; averaging time
–
30·365 The l
ow
e
s
t e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
in adult
s
da
y
s
; c
o
nver
s
i
o
n fact
o
r
–
0,001 L/cm
3
,
w
h
o
u
s
e the te
s
ted
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
i
s
a
ss
o
ci-
–
inhalati
o
n
:
air inta
k
e rate
–
1 m
3
/h; dura-ated
w
ith the
o
ral inta
k
e
o
f SPW and range
s
ti
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming event
–
1 h
o
ur/event;fr
o
m 1
.
1·10
-6
t
o
2
.
9·10
-6
mg/(
k
g·da
y
)
61
T
ab
l
e
2
.
Tr
i
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
(
TC
l
M)
c
on
c
e
n
tr
a
t
i
on
s
i
n
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
w
a
t
e
r
(
S
P
W
)
c
o
ll
e
ct
ed
f
r
o
m
s
p
o
rts
p
oo
l
s
a
n
d
i
n
t
h
e
a
i
r
of
i
n
d
oo
r sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
h
a
ll
s
T
abe
l
a
2
.
S
t
ę
ż
e
n
i
a
tr
i
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
a
nu
(
TC
l
M)
w w
o
d
z
i
e
ba
s
e
no
w
e
j
(
S
P
W
)
p
o
b
r
a
n
e
j
z
ba
s
e
nó
w s
p
o
r
-
t
o
wyc
h
o
r
a
z
w
p
o
w
i
e
tr
z
u
h
a
l
k
r
ytyc
h
p
ływ
a
l
n
i
I
n
d
oo
r
Vo
i
vo
d
s
h
i
pp
oo
l
f
a
c
ili
ty
C
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
C
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
of
TC
l
M
C
on
c
e
n
t
r
a
t
i
on
of
TC
l
M
i
n
a
i
r
of
TC
l
M
i
n
i
n
a
ir
s
amp
l
ed
a
t
a
h
e
i
g
h
t s
amp
l
ed
a
t
a
h
e
i
g
h
t
of
1
.
15
-
1
.
5
m
S
P
W
a)
of
30 c
m
ab
ov
e
t
h
e
p
oo
l
ab
ov
e
t
h
e
f
l
oo
r
l
e
v
e
l
ad
j
a
c
e
n
t t
o
(
µ
g
/
L)
s
u
r
f
a
c
e
b)
(
µ
g
/
m
3
)
t
h
e
sw
i
mm
i
n
g
p
oo
l
s
(
µ
g
/
m
3
)
B
119
±
0,071125
±
1,475 (1
.
2 m)
P
o
meranian
B
227
.
3
±
0,5563
±
8,241 (1
.
15 m)
Le
ss
er P
o
land
Warmian-
M
a
s
urian
M
a
s
o
vian
G
reater P
o
land
L
o
d
z
k
ie
B
3 18
.
1
±
0,54
B
4 10
.
5
±
0,28
B
5 14
.
6
±
0,070
B
6 25
.
3
±
0,013
B
7 19
.
1
±
0,35
B
8 20
.
3
±
1,3
B
9 28
.
1
±
0,56
B
10 18
.
9
±
0,071
B
11 11
.
1
±
0,33
B
12 10
.
8
±
0,010
B
1310
.
5
±
0,21
45
±
2,9
16
±
2,4
42
±
0,49
51
±
9,0
91
±
11
30
±
4,2
150
±
5,7
105
±
0,70
63
±
9,1
80
±
7,2
121
±
6,4
28 (1
.
2 m)
11 (1
.
5 m)
25 (1
.
2 m)
31 (1
.
2 m)
nd
c
)
20 (1
.
2 m)
92 (1
.
2 m)
72 (1
.
35 m)
40 (1
.
3 m)
48 (1
.
2 m)
80 (1
.
5 m)
a)
average
o
f t
wo
TCl
M
determinati
o
n re
s
ult
s
in SPW ta
k
en fr
o
m t
wo
p
o
int
s
l
o
cated
o
n
o
pp
o
s
ite part
s
o
f the p
oo
l ba
s
in
.
b)
average
o
f t
wo
TCl
M
determinati
o
n re
s
ult
s
in the air ta
k
en fr
o
m t
wo
p
o
int
s
l
o
cated
o
n
o
pp
o
s
ite
s
ide
s
o
f the p
oo
l ba
s
in
.
c
)
n
o
data available
.
I
inhder
inh
(ma
x
imum
o
nl
y
0
.
03
%
o
f the
R
f
D
)
.
Higher
e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
TCl
M
in adult
s
u
s
ing the
s
tudied
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
i
s
related t
o
dermal e
x
p
o
-
s
ure,
w
hich i
s
in the range fr
o
m 7
.
5·10
-6
t
o
2
.
0·10
-5
mg/(
k
g·da
y
) (ma
x
imum
o
nl
y
0
.
2
%
o
f the
R
f
D
value)
.
O
n the
o
ther hand, the
highe
s
t e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und in adult
s
w
immer
s
reliabl
y
i
s
related t
o
inhalati
o
n
e
x
p
o
s
ure,
w
hich range
s
fr
o
m 6
.
6·10
-5
t
o
6
.
2·10
-4
mg/(
k
g· da
y
)
.
The
s
hare
o
f the dail
y
inhalati
o
n d
o
s
e
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane i
s
d
o
mi-
nant and c
o
n
s
titute
s
fr
o
m 88
.
2
%
t
o
98
.
3
%
o
f
the t
o
tal inta
k
e
.
N
o
reference d
o
s
e ha
s
been
e
s
tabli
s
hed f
o
r inhalati
o
n e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
trichl
o
-
r
o
methane
.
A
ppr
o
x
imatel
y
60-80
%
o
f
inhaled trichl
o
r
o
methane i
s
ab
s
o
rbed
[
33
].
F
o
r ri
s
k
a
ss
e
ss
ment purp
o
s
e
s
, the reference
d
o
s
e f
o
r
o
ral inta
k
e
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane
w
a
s
u
s
ed
.
The inhalati
o
n e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
im-
mer
s
a
ss
e
ss
ed in thi
s
w
a
y
w
a
s
negligible
(H
Q
in the range
o
f 0
.
0066-0
.
062)
.
A
cc
o
rding t
o
s
urve
y
s
c
o
nducted am
o
ng
lifeguard
s
wo
r
k
ing in ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
hall
s
in P
o
land, thi
s
gr
o
up
o
f empl
oy
ee
s
i
s
practicall
y
o
nl
y
e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane
pre
s
ent in the air
.
A
n
o
ccupati
o
nal e
x
p
o
s
ure
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane f
o
r lifeguard
s
c
o
nnected
w
ith a dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith the air and inha-
lati
o
n
o
f the air are pre
s
ented in Table 3
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, the Ha
z
ard
Q
u
o
tient
s
(H
Q
)
w
ere e
s
timated (H
Q
=
C
D
I
/
R
f
D
)
.
The l
ow
e
s
t
o
ccupati
o
nal e
x
p
o
s
ure t
o
thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und in
lifeguard
s
, ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt dermal c
o
n-
tact
w
ith the air and inhalati
o
n
o
f the air,
w
a
s
e
s
timated f
o
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilit
y
B
4
(C
D
I
=
6
.
7·10
-4
mg/(
k
g·da
y
) and C
D
I
=
1
.
2·10
-7
mg/(
k
g·da
y
)) and the highe
s
t f
o
r
facilit
y
B
9 (C
D
I
=
5
.
6·10
-3
mg/(
k
g·da
y
)
62
and C
D
I
der
=
9
.
8·10
-7
mg/(
k
g·da
y
))
.
The
inhalati
o
n e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f lifeguard
s
i
s
d
o
mi-
nant, acc
o
unting f
o
r 99
.
8-100
%
o
f the t
o
tal
e
x
p
o
s
ure, neverthele
ss
, the e
s
timated H
Q
value
s
w
ere in the range
o
f 0
.
067-0
.
56
.
B
a
s
ed
o
n the
R
egulati
o
n
o
f the
M
ini
s
ter
o
f
F
amil
y
, Lab
o
r and S
o
cial P
o
lic
y
o
f
1
2 June
2018
[
34
]
, the ma
x
imum admi
ss
ible c
o
ncen-
trati
o
n (
M
A
C)
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane at the
wo
r
k
place
w
a
s
s
et at 8 mg/m
3
.
Theref
o
re,
ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt the ab
o
ve e
s
timated
e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f lifeguard
s
t
o
TCl
M
and the
legall
y
defined
M
A
C value it can be c
o
n-
cluded that the
o
b
s
erved c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f
thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und in the air
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l
hall
s
(up t
o
0
.
092 mg/m
3
) d
o
n
o
t adver
s
el
y
affect the health
o
f thi
s
pr
o
fe
ss
i
o
nal gr
o
up
.
C
on
c
l
u
s
i
on
s
D
i
s
infecti
o
n
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater
w
ith
s
o
dium h
y
p
o
chl
o
rite and ga
s
e
o
u
s
chl
o
rine
lead
s
t
o
the f
o
rmati
o
n
o
f trihal
o
methane
s
in
the
s
w
imming p
oo
l
w
ater, primaril
y
trichl
o
r
o
-
methane,
w
h
o
s
e c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
can
reach a ma
x
imum
o
f 28
.
1
µ
g/L in
s
p
o
rt
s
p
oo
l
s
.
N
o
e
x
ceedance
s
o
f the ma
x
imum
admi
ss
ible c
o
ncentrati
o
n
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane
(30
µ
g/L)
w
ere f
o
und in SPW c
o
llected
fr
o
m the
s
p
o
rt
s
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
l
o
cated in
P
o
land
.
O
n the
o
ther hand, c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und in the air
o
f hall
s
o
f
ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
can reach
value
s
up t
o
150
µ
g/m
3
.
F
o
r the fir
s
t time,
an a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f the e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
and lifeguard
s
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane
pre
s
ent in the
w
ater and the air
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
in P
o
land
w
a
s
carried
o
ut
.
I
n the a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
, the
s
hare
o
f the dail
y
inhalati
o
n
d
o
s
e
o
f trichl
o
r
o
methane i
s
d
o
minant,
acc
o
unting fr
o
m 88
.
2
%
t
o
98
.
3
%
o
f the C
D
I
o
f TCl
M
, ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt all three e
x
p
o
-
s
ure r
o
ute
s
:
accidental
o
ral inta
k
e
o
f
w
ater
(0
.
22-1
.
5
%
C
D
I
), dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith
w
ater
(1
.
5-10
.
3
%
C
D
I
) and inhalati
o
n
o
f trichl
o
r
o
-
methane
w
ith the air
.
Neverthele
ss
, ta
k
ing
int
o
acc
o
unt the
o
b
s
erved level
s
o
f TCl
M
c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
in SPW
o
f
s
p
o
rt
s
s
w
imming
p
oo
l
s
and in the air, it can be c
o
ncluded that
the e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
i
s
negligible
(H
Q
<<
1)
.
Ex
cept f
o
r
o
ccupati
o
nal trichl
o
r
o
meth-
ane e
x
p
o
s
ure, there i
s
currentl
y
n
o
interna-
ti
o
nal
s
tandard
o
r
s
pecific regulati
o
n f
o
r thi
s
c
o
mp
o
und in
s
w
imming p
oo
l
s
ind
oo
r air
.
Ta
k
ing int
o
acc
o
unt the e
s
timated e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f lifeguard
s
t
o
TCl
M
(mainl
y
inhalati
o
n
e
x
p
o
s
ure) and the legall
y
defined value
o
f
the
M
A
C (8 mg/m
3
), it can be c
o
ncluded
that the
o
b
s
erved c
o
ncentrati
o
n
s
o
f thi
s
c
o
m-
p
o
und in the air
o
f
s
w
imming p
oo
l hall
s
d
o
n
o
t adver
s
el
y
affect the health
o
f thi
s
pr
o
fe
s
-
s
i
o
nal gr
o
up
.
A
ck
no
w
l
edgeme
n
ts
The re
s
earch
wo
r
k
w
a
s
carried
o
ut at the
Nati
o
nal
I
n
s
titute
o
f Public Health
–
Nati
o
nal
I
n
s
titute
o
f H
y
giene and financed
w
ithin the
pr
o
ject
B
K-
4
/2020 and
B
K-
4
/202
1
„
A
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f e
x
p
o
s
ure
o
f
s
elected pr
o
fe
s
-
s
i
o
nal gr
o
up
s
(pr
o
fe
ss
i
o
nal
s
w
immer
s
, life-
guard
s
) t
o
trihal
o
methane
s
pre
s
ent in
w
ater
and air
o
f ind
oo
r
s
w
imming p
oo
l facilitie
s
”.
R
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nal
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E
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B
adanie
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art
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ów
w
wo
d
z
ie ba
s
en
ow
ej
i
wo
d
o
ciąg
ow
ej met
o
dą chr
o
mat
o
grafii ga
z
o
-
w
ej
z
dete
k
cją
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ss
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ater c
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ntami-
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di
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imming p
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ater
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ical activit
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o
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oo
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imming p
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non
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o
cc
u
pa
t
i
on
a
l
/
o
cc
u
pa
t
i
on
a
l
e
x
p
o
s
u
r
e
t
o
tr
i
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
h
a
n
e
e
st
i
ma
t
ed
fo
r
:
ad
u
l
t sw
i
m
-
me
rs
(
a
n
o
r
a
l
i
n
t
a
k
e
of
S
P
W
.
de
r
ma
l
c
on
t
a
ct w
i
t
h
S
P
W
a
n
d
i
nh
a
l
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
a
i
r
)
/
li
f
eg
u
a
r
d
s
(
i
nh
a
-
l
a
t
i
on
of
t
h
e
a
ir
a
n
d
de
r
ma
l
c
on
t
a
ct w
i
t
h
t
h
e
a
i
r
)
T
abe
l
a
3
.
N
a
r
a
ż
e
n
i
e
n
i
e
z
a
w
o
d
o
w
e
/
z
a
w
o
d
o
w
e
n
a
tr
i
c
h
l
o
r
o
me
t
a
n
w
p
r
z
y
pad
k
a
c
h:
d
o
r
o
słyc
h
p
ływ
a
k
ó
w
(
d
ou
st
n
e
p
o
b
r
a
n
i
e
S
P
W
.
k
on
t
a
kt sk
ó
r
n
y
z
S
P
W
i
w
d
yc
h
a
n
i
e
p
o
w
i
e
tr
z
a
)
/
r
a
t
o
w
n
i
k
ó
w
(
w
d
yc
h
a
n
i
e
p
o
w
i
e
t
r
z
a
i
k
on
t
a
kt sk
ó
r
n
y
z
p
o
w
i
e
tr
z
em
)
I
nd
oo
r
p
oo
l
Ex
p
o
s
ure
o
f adult
s
w
immer
s
t
o
trichl
o
r
o
methane,
Ex
p
o
s
ure
o
f lifeguard
s
t
o
V
o
iv
o
d-
mg/(
k
g·da
y
) (H
Q
a)
)trichl
o
r
o
methane, mg/(
k
g·da
y
) (H
Q
a)
)
s
hip
facilit
y
C
D
I
i
ng
b)
(H
Q
)C
D
I
d
e
r
c
)
(H
Q
)C
D
I
i
nh
d)
(H
Q
)C
D
I
i
nh
d)
(H
Q
)C
D
I
d
e
r
c
)
(H
Q
)
nian
B
1 2
.
0
E
-06 (2
.
0
E
-04) 1
.
4
E
-05 (1
.
4
E
-03) 5
.
1
E
-04 (5
.
1
E
-02) 4
.
6
E
-03 (4
.
6
E
-01) 8
.
0
E
-07 (8
.
0
E
-05)
P
o
mera-
B
2 2
.
8
E
-06 (2
.
8
E
-04) 1
.
9
E
-05 (1
.
9
E
-03) 2
.
6
E
-04 (2
.
6
E
-02) 2
.
5
E
-03 (2
.
5
E
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.
3
E
-07 (4
.
3
E
-05)
B
3 1
.
9
E
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.
9
E
-04) 1
.
3
E
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.
3
E
-03) 1
.
8
E
-04 (1
.
8
E
-02) 1
.
7
E
-03 (1
.
7
E
-01) 3
.
0
E
-07 (3
.
0
E
-05)
P
o
land
B
4 1
.
1
E
-06 (1
.
1
E
-04) 7
.
5
E
-06 (7
.
5
E
-04) 6
.
6
E
-05 (6
.
6
E
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.
7
E
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.
7
E
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.
2
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.
2
E
-05)
Le
ss
er
B
5 1
.
5
E
-06 (1
.
5
E
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.
0
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.
0
E
-03) 1
.
7
E
-04 (1
.
7
E
-02) 1
.
5
E
-03 (1
.
5
E
-01) 2
.
7
E
-07 (2
.
7
E
-05)
Warmian-
B
6 2
.
6
E
-06 (2
.
6
E
-04) 1
.
8
E
-05 (1
.
8
E
-03) 2
.
1
E
-04 (2
.
1
E
-02) 1
.
9
E
-03 (1
.
9
E
-01) 3
.
3
E
-07 (3
.
3
E
-05)
B
7 2
.
0
E
-06 (2
.
0
E
-04) 1
.
4
E
-05 (1
.
4
E
-03) 3
.
7
E
-04 (3
.
7
E
-02)nd
e
)
nd
e
)
-
M
a
s
urian
B
8 2
.
1
E
-06 (2
.
1
E
-04) 1
.
4
E
-05 (1
.
4
E
-03) 1
.
2
E
-04 (1
.
2
E
-02) 1
.
2
E
-03 (1
.
2
E
-01) 2
.
1
E
-07 (2
.
1
E
-05)
B
9 2
.
9
E
-06 (2
.
9
E
-04) 2
.
0
E
-05 (2
.
0
E
-03) 6
.
2
E
-04 (6
.
2
E
-02) 5
.
6
E
-03 (5
.
6
E
-01) 9
.
8
E
-07 (9
.
8
E
-05)
M
a
s
o
vian
P
o
land
B
10 1
.
9
E
-06 (1
.
9
E
-04) 1
.
3
E
-05 (1
.
3
E
-03) 4
.
3
E
-04 (4
.
3
E
-02) 4
.
4
E
-03 (4
.
4
E
-01) 7
.
6
E
-07 (7
.
6
E
-05)
B
11 1
.
1
E
-06 (1
.
1
E
-04) 7
.
9
E
-06 (7
.
9
E
-04) 2
.
6
E
-04 (2
.
6
E
-02) 2
.
4
E
-03 (2
.
4
E
-01) 4
.
2
E
-07 (4
.
2
E
-05)
G
reater
B
12 1
.
1
E
-06 (1
.
1
E
-04) 7
.
7
E
-06 (7
.
7
E
-04) 3
.
3
E
-04 (3
.
3
E
-02) 2
.
9
E
-03 (2
.
9
E
-01) 5
.
1
E
-07 (5
.
1
E
-05)
L
o
d
z
k
ie
B
13 1
.
1
E
-06 (1
.
1
E
-04) 7
.
5
E
-06 (7
.
5
E
-04) 5
.
0
E
-04 (5
.
0
E
-02) 4
.
9
E
-03 (4
.
9
E
-01) 8
.
5
E
-07 (8
.
5
E
-05)
a)H
Q
–
Ha
z
ard
Q
u
o
tient
.
b)C
D
I
ing
–
chr
o
nic dail
y
inta
k
e c
o
nnected
w
ith incidental inge
s
ti
o
n
o
f SPW
.
c)C
D
I
der
–
chr
o
nic dail
y
inta
k
e c
o
nnected
w
ith dermal c
o
ntact
w
ith SPW (adult
s
w
immer
s
)
o
r
w
ith air (lifeguard
s
)
.
d)C
D
I
inh
–
chr
o
nic dail
y
inta
k
e c
o
nnected
w
ith inhalati
o
n e
x
p
o
s
ure
.
e)n
o
data available
.
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st
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c
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ater
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