www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl1/202653
W
o
d
o
c
i
ąg
i
i
k
a
n
a
li
z
a
c
j
a
W prac
y
pr
z
ed
s
ta
w
i
o
n
o
wy
ni
k
i badań d
o
t
y
c
z
ąc
y
ch be
z
piec
z
eń
s
t
w
a chemic
z
neg
o
i mi
k
r
o
bi
o
l
o
gic
z
neg
o
ko
mp
o
z
y
-
t
ow
ej p
ow
ł
ok
i na ba
z
ie p
o
lim
o
c
z
ni
k
a, pr
z
e
z
nac
z
o
nej d
o
ren
ow
acji pr
z
e
wo
d
ów
wo
d
o
ciąg
owy
ch d
o
tran
s
p
o
rtu
wo
d
y
d
o
s
p
o
ż
y
cia
.
B
adania
wyko
nan
o
z
g
o
dnie
z
eur
o
pej
s
k
imi n
o
rmami PN-
E
N 12873-1, PN-
E
N 14395-1
o
ra
z
PN-
E
N 16421
.
O
cenian
o
migrację metali,
z
w
ią
z
ków
o
rganic
z
n
y
ch i pier
w
s
z
o
r
z
ęd
owy
ch amin ar
o
mat
y
c
z
n
y
ch,
a ta
k
ż
e
w
ła
ś
ci
wo
ś
ci
o
rgan
o
lept
y
c
z
ne i mi
k
r
o
bi
o
l
o
gic
z
ne
wo
d
y
p
o
ko
nta
k
cie
z
p
ow
ł
ok
ą
.
Nie
s
t
w
ierd
z
o
n
o
pr
z
e-
k
r
o
c
z
enia d
o
pu
s
z
c
z
aln
y
ch
w
art
o
ś
ci parametr
ów
, a
s
tę
ż
enia amin ar
o
mat
y
c
z
n
y
ch p
o
z
o
s
ta
w
ał
y
p
o
ni
ż
ej pr
o
gu
o
z
nac
z
aln
o
ś
ci 0,001 mg/L
.
W
y
ni
k
i p
o
t
w
ierd
z
ają,
ż
e badan
y
materiał nie
w
pł
yw
a negat
yw
nie na ja
ko
ś
ć
wo
d
y
i m
o
ż
e b
y
ć be
z
piec
z
nie
s
t
o
s
ow
an
y
w
techn
o
l
o
giach ren
ow
acji
w
e
w
nętr
z
n
y
ch p
ow
ł
ok
rur
o
ciąg
ów.
Sł
ow
a
k
luc
z
ow
e
:
p
ow
ł
ok
a natr
y
s
kow
a;
ko
mp
o
z
y
t p
o
lim
o
c
z
ni
kowy
; materiał
y
ko
nta
k
t
ow
e d
o
wo
d
y
d
o
picia; migra-
cja
s
ub
s
tancji; p
o
datn
o
ś
ć na t
wo
r
z
enie bi
o
filmu; ren
ow
acja rur
o
ciąg
ów
met
o
dami be
z
wyko
p
owy
mi
Thi
s
s
tud
y
pre
s
ent
s
finding
s
o
n the chemical and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
afet
y
o
f the p
o
l
y
urea-ba
s
ed c
o
mp
o
s
ite c
o
ating,
de
s
igned f
o
r ren
o
vating p
o
table
w
ater pipeline
s
.
Te
s
t
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed in line
w
ith
E
ur
o
pean
s
tandard
s
PN-
E
N 12873-1,
PN-
E
N 14395-1, and PN-
E
N 16421
.
The re
s
earch e
x
amined metal,
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und, and primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
migrati
o
n, al
o
ng
w
ith
o
rgan
o
leptic and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
w
ater qualit
y
after c
o
ntact
w
ith the c
o
ating
.
N
o
regulat
o
r
y
limit
s
w
ere e
x
ceeded, and P
AA
s
w
ere bel
ow
the detecti
o
n thre
s
h
o
ld
o
f 0
.
001 mg/L
.
The
s
e re
s
ult
s
dem
o
n
s
trate that
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N d
o
e
s
n
o
t adver
s
el
y
impact drin
k
ing
w
ater qualit
y
and i
s
s
afe f
o
r u
s
e in internal pipeline rehabilitati
o
n
.
Ke
ywo
rd
s
:
s
pra
y
-applied lining; p
o
l
y
urea c
o
mp
o
s
ite; drin
k
ing
w
ater c
o
ntact material
s
;
s
ub
s
tance migrati
o
n; bi
o
film
pr
o
pen
s
it
y
; in-
s
itu pipe rehabilitati
o
n
I
n
t
r
o
d
u
ct
i
on
The integrit
y
and
o
perati
o
nal
s
afet
y
o
f
drin
k
ing
w
ater di
s
tributi
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
are in-
crea
s
ingl
y
challenged b
y
aging infra
s
truc-
ture, internal c
o
rr
o
s
i
o
n pr
o
ce
ss
e
s
, and mi-
cr
o
bial c
o
ntaminati
o
n
o
f pipeline
s
urface
s
[
1
].
Traditi
o
nal pipeline rehabilitati
o
n
meth
o
d
s
o
ften require e
x
ten
s
ive e
x
cava-
ti
o
n and pr
o
l
o
nged
s
ervice interrupti
o
n
s
and the
y
ma
y
cau
s
e
s
ignificant envir
o
n-
mental impact
s
.
I
n recent
y
ear
s
advanced
Spra
y
-
I
n-Place Pipe (S
I
PP) techn
o
l
o
gie
s
have been devel
o
ped, pr
o
viding minimal-
l
y
inva
s
ive alternative
s
that impr
o
ve h
y
-
draulic perf
o
rmance and meet h
y
gienic
s
tandard
s
w
hile maintaining
s
y
s
tem func-
ti
o
nalit
y
[
2
].
O
ne
s
uch inn
o
vati
o
n i
s
the C
O
V
E
R
-
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite lining
s
y
s
tem, a
s
pra
y
-ap-
plied, rapid-curing h
y
brid c
o
ating ba
s
ed
o
n p
o
l
y
urea re
s
in
s
reinf
o
rced
w
ith ba
s
alt
micr
o
fiber
s
[
3
].
D
evel
o
ped b
y
T
E
R
L
A
N Sp
.
z
o.o.
, the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N
s
y
s
tem i
s
applied
u
s
ing the Spra
y
-in-Place Pr
o
ce
ss
(S
I
PP),
w
hich all
ow
s
f
o
r internal
s
tructural rehabili-
tati
o
n
o
f pre
ss
uri
z
ed
w
ater pipeline
s
w
ith-
o
ut the need f
o
r replacement
o
r maj
o
r e
x
-
cavati
o
n
.
The techn
o
l
o
g
y
c
o
mbine
s
me-
chanical
s
trength, chemical re
s
i
s
tance,
a
n
d
durable adhe
s
i
o
n t
o
the
s
ub
s
trate,
creating a
s
eamle
ss
,
s
tructural lining ca-
pable
o
f
w
ith
s
tanding mechanical
s
tre
ss
and c
o
ntact
w
ith p
o
table
w
ater
[
4
][
5
].
A
k
e
y
advantage
o
f the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N
techn
o
l
o
g
y
i
s
it
s
highl
y
s
tandardi
z
ed and
repeatable applicati
o
n pr
o
t
o
c
o
l,
w
hich in-
clude
s
th
o
r
o
ugh cleaning, dr
y
ing, defect
repair, and multi-parameter-c
o
ntr
o
lled
s
pra
y
ing
o
f the c
o
mp
o
s
ite
.
Thi
s
en
s
ure
s
unif
o
rm la
y
er thic
k
ne
ss
and
o
ptimal b
o
nd-
ing, e
ss
ential f
o
r it
s
r
o
le a
s
b
o
th a barrier
and a
s
tructural reinf
o
rcement material
.
The
aut
o
mati
o
n
o
f the
s
pra
y
ing equipment,
al
o
ng
w
ith rem
o
te-c
o
ntr
o
lled applicati
o
n
A
rtur Pr
z
y
bec
k
i http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0009-0005-9934-8158
‒
Do
ct
o
ral
s
tudent,
I
mplementati
o
n Ph
D
Pr
o
gramme,
F
acult
y
o
f
E
nvir
o
nmental
E
ngineering and
E
nerg
y
, P
o
z
nan Univer
s
i
t
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y
, P
o
z
nań, P
o
land,
Iz
abela Kru
s
z
elnic
k
a http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0003-4400-2553
‒
A
ss
o
ciate Pr
o
fe
ss
o
r at
F
acult
y
o
f
E
nvir
o
nmental
E
ngineering and
E
nerg
y
,
P
o
z
nan Univer
s
it
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y
, P
o
z
nań, P
o
land
Do
br
o
chna
G
inter-Kramarc
z
yk
http
s
:
//
o
rcid
.o
rg/0000-0001-6588-4546
‒
A
ss
o
ciate Pr
o
fe
ss
o
r at
F
acult
y
o
f
E
nvir
o
nmental
E
ngineering and
E
nerg
y
, P
o
z
nan Univer
s
i
t
y
o
f Techn
o
l
o
g
y
, P
o
z
nań, P
o
land
M
arcin
M
o
t
y
l
s
k
i
‒
R&D
D
epartment, T
E
R
L
A
N Sp
.
z
o.o.
, P
o
z
nań, P
o
land
.
C
o
rre
s
p
o
nding auth
o
r
–
artur
.
pr
z
y
bec
k
i
@
terlan
.
pl
I
mpa
ct
of
a
Mo
d
i
f
i
ed
Po
l
y
u
r
ea
C
o
a
t
i
n
g
on
t
h
e
C
h
em
i
c
a
l
a
n
d
M
i
c
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
a
l
Qu
a
li
ty
of
D
ri
n
k
i
n
g
W
a
t
e
r
:
A
P
r
e
li
m
i
n
a
r
y
S
t
u
d
y
W
p
ływ
z
m
o
d
y
f
i
k
o
w
a
n
e
j
p
o
wł
o
k
i
p
o
li
m
o
c
z
n
i
k
o
w
e
j
n
a
c
h
em
i
c
z
n
ą
i
m
i
k
r
o
b
i
o
l
o
g
i
c
z
n
ą
j
a
k
o
ść w
o
d
y
p
r
z
e
z
n
a
c
z
on
e
j
d
o
s
p
o
ż
yc
i
a
AR
TU
R
P
R
Z
YBE
CK
I
,
IZ
A
BE
L
A
K
R
US
Z
E
LN
I
CK
A
,
D
OB
R
O
CHN
A
G
I
NT
E
R
-K
RA
M
AR
C
Z
Y
K,
M
AR
C
I
N
MO
T
Y
LSK
I
DO
I 10
.
36119/15
.
2026
.
1
.
7
W
o
d
o
c
i
ąg
i
i
k
a
n
a
li
z
a
c
j
a
/W
a
t
e
r s
u
pp
l
y
a
n
d
s
e
w
age
541/2026
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
W
and real-time pr
o
ce
ss
m
o
nit
o
ring, enable
s
high preci
s
i
o
n and traceabilit
y
during field
o
perati
o
n
s
.
Thi
s
s
tud
y
e
x
amine
s
h
ow
the C
O
V
E
R
-
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite affect
s
the ph
y
s
ic
o
chemi-
cal and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical qualit
y
o
f drin
k
ing
w
ater after it
s
applicati
o
n in rehabilitated
pipeline
s
.
Special attenti
o
n i
s
given t
o
p
o
-
tential migrati
o
n
o
f
s
ub
s
tance
s
int
o
w
ater,
bi
o
film f
o
rmati
o
n d
y
namic
s
, and the
s
y
s
-
tem’
s
abilit
y
t
o
maintain
o
r impr
o
ve
w
ater
qualit
y
o
ver time
.
The finding
s
c
o
ntribute t
o
evidence-ba
s
ed a
ss
e
ss
ment int
o
the
s
uit-
abilit
y
o
f C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N techn
o
l
o
g
y
f
o
r
s
u
s
-
tainable
w
ater infra
s
tructure re
s
t
o
rati
o
n
.
M
a
t
e
ri
a
l
s
a
n
d
me
t
ho
d
s
Thi
s
s
tud
y
aimed t
o
th
o
r
o
ughl
y
evaluate
the ph
y
s
ic
o
chemical and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
afet
y
o
f the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N p
o
l
y
urea-ba
s
ed
lining
s
y
s
tem u
s
ed in p
o
table
w
ater di
s
tribu-
ti
o
n infra
s
tructure
.
G
iven that the material i
s
intended f
o
r direct, l
o
ng-term c
o
ntact
w
ith
drin
k
ing
w
ater in
s
ide rehabilitated pipe-
lines, it i
s
imperative t
o
a
s
certain
w
hether it
ma
y
leach ha
z
ard
o
u
s
s
ub
s
tance
s
o
r facili-
tate micr
o
bial c
o
ntaminati
o
n
.
The re
s
earch
w
a
s
s
y
s
tematicall
y
de
s
igned t
o
emulate re-
al-
wo
rld
o
perati
o
nal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
and ad-
here t
o
relevant
E
ur
o
pean regulat
o
r
y
s
tan-
dard
s
.A
cc
o
rdingl
y
, the
s
tud
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n
evaluating
w
hether the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
m-
p
o
s
ite c
o
uld affect the ph
y
s
ic
o
chemical
and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical qualit
y
o
f drin
k
ing
w
ater, particularl
y
in term
s
o
f chemical
leaching and micr
o
bial gr
ow
th p
o
tential
.
The
s
tud
y
s
imulated reali
s
tic
o
perati
o
nal
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
and a
ss
e
ss
ed e
ss
ential perf
o
r-
mance and
s
afet
y
parameter
s
.
T
o
en
s
ure
the relevance and reliabilit
y
o
f the re
s
ult
s
,
all lab
o
rat
o
r
y
te
s
ting pr
o
cedure
s
w
ere
de-
s
igned f
o
ll
ow
ing applicable
E
ur
o
pean
s
tandard
s
:
PN-
E
N 12873-
1
:
2014, PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008, and PN-
E
N 16421
:
2015-1
.
A
nal
y
tical
mea
s
urement
s
w
ere carried
o
ut u
s
ing
s
tandardi
s
ed in
s
trumental and
s
en
s
o
r
y
meth
o
d
s
,
s
uch a
s
inductivel
y
c
o
u-pled
pla
s
ma ma
ss
s
pectr
o
metr
y
(
I
CP-
M
S) f
o
r
metal anal
y
s
i
s
,
s
pectr
o
ph
o
t
o
metr
y
and
nephel
o
metr
y
f
o
r c
o
l
o
ur and turbidit
y
,
high-temperature c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
w
ith N
D
I
R
detecti
o
n f
o
r T
O
C, high-perf
o
rmance liq-
uid chr
o
mat
o
graph
y
(HPLC) f
o
r primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
, and the mean di
ss
o
lved
o
x
y
gen depleti
o
n (
M
D
O
D
) meth
o
d f
o
r mi-
cr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical evaluati
o
n, f
o
ll
ow
ing the ref-
erenced
s
tandard
s
[
6
][
7
][
8
][
9
][
10
].
The
s
e
are u
s
ed f
o
r a
ss
e
ss
ingthe effect
o
f material
s
o
n
w
ater intended f
o
r human c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n,
s
pecificall
y
evaluating migrati
o
n p
o
tential,
o
rgan
o
leptic change
s
, and
s
u
s
ceptibilit
y
t
o
micr
o
bial c
o
l
o
ni
z
ati
o
n
.
The e
x
perimental pr
o
gram c
o
mpri
s
ed
t
wo
main c
o
mp
o
nent
s
:
(1) chemical migra-
ti
o
n te
s
ting and (2) micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical activit
y
a
ss
e
ss
ment
.
The chemical anal
y
s
e
s
aimed
t
o
determine the e
x
tent t
o
w
hich in
o
rganic
o
r
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
c
o
uld be relea
s
ed
fr
o
m the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite int
o
drin
k
-
ing
w
ater,
w
hile the micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical evalu-
ati
o
n
s
a
ss
e
ss
ed the material’
s
capacit
y
t
o
s
upp
o
rt bi
o
film devel
o
pment
.
The
s
e pr
o
ce-
dure
s
w
ere ch
o
s
en t
o
repre
s
ent b
o
th the
ph
y
s
ic
o
chemical and bi
o
l
o
gical
s
afet
y
c
o
n
s
iderati
o
n
s
nece
ss
ar
y
f
o
r material
s
in
c
o
ntinu
o
u
s
c
o
ntact
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater
.
Standardi
z
ed b
o
r
o
s
ilicate gla
ss
plate
s
,
u
s
ed a
s
inert
s
upp
o
rt
s
ub
s
trate
s
,
w
ere
c
o
ated
w
ith the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite
u
s
ing centrifugal
s
pra
y.
A
fter c
o
nditi
o
ning,
the c
o
ated plate
s
under
w
ent migrati
o
n
te
s
t
s
at three c
o
ntr
o
lled temperature
s
:
23
±
2°C (ambient
w
ater), 60
±
2°C (
w
arm
w
ater), and 85
±
2°C (h
o
t
w
ater)
.
M
igra-
ti
o
n peri
o
d
s
w
ere 72 h
o
ur
s
at 23°C and
24 h
o
ur
s
at elevated temperature
s
,
s
imu-
lating
s
tagnati
o
n in di
s
tributi
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
F
o
r
each temperature c
o
nditi
o
n, t
wo
C
O
V
E
R
-
L
A
N-c
o
ated
s
ample
s
and
o
ne unc
o
ated
gla
ss
blan
k
w
ere prepared t
o
en
s
ure c
o
m-
parabilit
y
bet
w
een te
s
t and c
o
ntr
o
l
s
am-
ple
s
.
Surface area-t
o
-v
o
lume rati
o
s
w
ere
adju
s
ted acc
o
rding t
o
the
s
pecificati
o
n
s
o
f
the relevant
s
tandard
s
.
E
ach migrati
o
n te
s
t
w
a
s
c
o
nducted u
s
-
ing dei
o
ni
z
ed lab
o
rat
o
r
y
w
ater and per-
f
o
rmed under
s
tatic c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
F
o
ll
ow
ing
each migrati
o
n peri
o
d, the
w
ater
s
ample
s
w
ere anal
y
s
ed f
o
r
k
e
y
parameter
s
, includ-
ing
o
rgan
o
leptic pr
o
pertie
s
(c
o
l
o
ur, turbid-
it
y
,
o
d
o
ur), in
o
rganic element
s
(metal
s
s
uch
a
s
aluminium, chr
o
mium, cadmium, lead,
magne
s
ium, calcium,
s
ilic
o
n, titanium), and
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
(t
o
tal
o
rganic carb
o
n
–
T
O
C, and primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
–
P
AA
)
.
The re
s
ult
s
w
ere evaluated again
s
t
nati
o
nal and
E
U
s
tandard
s
f
o
r drin
k
ing
w
ater qualit
y.
O
rgan
o
leptic a
ss
e
ss
ment
s
adhered t
o
PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008
[
7
]
,
w
hich
s
pecifie
s
pr
o
cedure
s
f
o
r detecting
vi
s
ible and
o
lfact
o
r
y
change
s
in
w
ater re-
s
ulting fr
o
m c
o
ntact
w
ith
s
y
nthetic material
s
.
The mea
s
urement
o
f metal and
o
rganic
c
o
mp
o
und relea
s
e
w
a
s
carried
o
ut in ac-
c
o
rdance
w
ith PN-
E
N 12873-1
:
2014,
w
ith
e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
s
and anal
y
tical pr
o
ce-
dure
s
adju
s
ted f
o
r each temperature t
o
replicate reali
s
tic c
o
ntact c
o
nditi
o
n
s
[
6
].
A
t
23°C, e
x
tended e
x
p
o
s
ure time
s
w
ere em-
pl
oy
ed t
o
s
imulate pr
o
l
o
nged
s
tagnati
o
n
peri
o
d
s
,
w
herea
s
te
s
t
s
at higher tempera-
ture
s
w
ere
s
h
o
rtened t
o
acc
o
unt f
o
r the in-
crea
s
ed migrati
o
n
k
inetic
s
.
The entire te
s
ting pr
o
ce
ss
w
a
s
carried
o
ut at an accredited lab
o
rat
o
r
y
in P
o
z
nań,
2
in c
o
mpliance
w
ith all required
s
tandard
s
.
F
o
r each gr
o
up
o
f anal
y
s
e
s
, re
s
ult
s
w
ere
c
o
mpared t
o
regulat
o
r
y
thre
s
h
o
ld
s
s
et b
y
the P
o
li
s
h
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f Health and the
E
U
D
irective 2020/2184
o
n the qualit
y
o
f
w
ater intended f
o
r human c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
.
I
n additi
o
n t
o
chemical migrati
o
n, the
s
tud
y
al
s
o
e
x
amined the p
o
tential f
o
r mi-
cr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical c
o
ntaminati
o
n related t
o
the
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N material
.
M
icr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
ta-
bilit
y
w
a
s
evaluated in acc
o
rdance
w
ith
PN-
E
N 16421
:
2015-1,
w
hich a
ss
e
ss
e
s
bi
o
film f
o
rmati
o
n thr
o
ugh the
M
ean
D
i
s
-
s
o
lved
Ox
y
gen
D
epleti
o
n (
M
D
O
D
) meth-
o
d
[
8
].
Thi
s
appr
o
ach quantifie
s
o
x
y
gen
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n b
y
micr
oo
rgani
s
m
s
c
o
l
o
ni
z
ing
the
s
urface
o
f the te
s
t material
.
A
reducti
o
n
in di
ss
o
lved
o
x
y
gen c
o
ntent indicate
s
mi-
cr
o
bial pr
o
liferati
o
n
s
upp
o
rted b
y
the ma-
terial
.
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N-c
o
ated gla
ss
plate
s
w
ere immer
s
ed in
s
terili
z
ed te
s
t
w
ater and
incubated under c
o
ntr
o
lled c
o
nditi
o
n
s
f
o
r
14 da
y
s
, during
w
hich the rate
o
f
o
x
y
gen
depleti
o
n
w
a
s
mea
s
ured
.
The re
s
ult
s
w
ere
c
o
mpared t
o
b
o
th a negative c
o
ntr
o
l (gla
ss
,
w
hich inhibit
s
bi
o
film f
o
rmati
o
n) and a p
o
s
-
itive c
o
ntr
o
l (paraffin,
k
n
ow
n t
o
pr
o
m
o
te
micr
o
bial gr
ow
th)
.
The final
M
D
O
D
value,
e
x
pre
ss
ed in mg
O
/m
2
/da
y
,
s
erved a
s
the primar
y
metric f
o
r evaluating micr
o
bial
c
o
l
o
ni
z
ati
o
n p
o
tential
.
Thi
s
multi-dimen
s
i
o
nal appr
o
ach, c
o
m-
bining chemical migrati
o
n,
o
rgan
o
leptic
te
s
ting, and bi
o
film p
o
tential a
ss
e
ss
ment,
pr
o
vided a c
o
mprehen
s
ive evaluati
o
n
o
f
the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N material’
s
s
afet
y
and per-
f
o
rmance
.
The meth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y
en
s
ured that
b
o
th regulat
o
r
y
c
o
mpliance and real-
wo
rld
o
perati
o
nal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
w
ere ad-
dre
ss
ed,
o
ffering a reliable ba
s
i
s
f
o
r deter-
mining the
s
uitabilit
y
o
f the c
o
mp
o
s
ite f
o
r
u
s
e in p
o
table
w
ater di
s
tributi
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Ov
e
r
v
i
e
w
of
P
a
r
ame
t
e
r
s
A
ss
e
ss
ed
Du
ri
n
g
t
h
e
S
t
u
d
y
T
o
en
s
ure a th
o
r
o
ugh and
s
cientificall
y
valid a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
m-
p
o
s
ite lining
w
ithin
w
ater infra
s
tructure, the
s
tud
y
f
o
cu
s
ed
o
n t
wo
main area
s
:
chemical
s
afet
y
and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
tabilit
y.
The
s
e
categ
o
rie
s
reflect the t
wo
main c
o
ncern
s
w
ith material
s
in c
o
ntact
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater
–
namel
y
, the p
o
tential f
o
r chemical leach-
ing int
o
the
w
ater and the ri
s
k
o
f micr
o
bial
gr
ow
th
o
n the
s
urface
o
f the material
.
B
o
th
anal
y
s
i
s
area
s
w
ere guided b
y
relevant
E
ur
o
pean harm
o
ni
z
ed
s
tandard
s
and na-
ti
o
nal regulati
o
n
s
f
o
r material
s
u
s
ed in
c
o
ntact
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater
.
The
s
e
s
tan-
dard
s
s
et clear criteria f
o
r
s
ample prepara-
ti
o
n, te
s
ting c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, and acceptable
limit
s
f
o
r vari
o
u
s
s
ub
s
tance
s
and behavi
o
r
s
.
55
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
1/2026
W
o
d
o
c
i
ąg
i
i
k
a
n
a
li
z
a
c
j
a
Thi
s
t
wo
-part appr
o
ach en
s
ured the evalu-
ati
o
n c
o
vered n
o
t
o
nl
y
the perf
o
rmance
o
f
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N in lab
o
rat
o
r
y
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
but
al
s
o
it
s
c
o
mpliance
w
ith real-
wo
rld regula-
t
o
r
y
requirement
s
.
1
.
Chemical Safet
y
A
ss
e
ss
ment
The chemical c
o
mp
o
nent
o
f the
s
tud
y
aimed t
o
determine
w
hether the C
O
V
E
R
-
L
A
N lining relea
s
ed an
y
s
ub
s
tance
s
int
o
the
w
ater that c
o
uld affect it
s
p
o
tabilit
y
,
either thr
o
ugh acute t
o
x
icit
y
o
r l
o
ng-term
buildup
.
Several
k
e
y
indicat
o
r
s
w
ere ch
o
-
s
en f
o
r evaluati
o
n, gr
o
uped int
o
three main
s
ubcateg
o
rie
s
.
a
.
O
rgan
o
leptic Pr
o
pertie
s
The ae
s
thetic and
s
en
s
o
r
y
qualitie
s
o
f
drin
k
ing
w
ater can be negativel
y
impacted
even b
y
min
o
r interacti
o
n
s
w
ith pipeline
material
s
.
Theref
o
re,
o
rgan
o
leptic anal
y
s
i
s
w
a
s
perf
o
rmed, f
o
cu
s
ing
o
n the appear-
ance,
o
d
o
r, and turbidit
y
o
f
w
ater
s
ample
s
e
x
p
o
s
ed t
o
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N-c
o
ated
s
urface
s
.
Te
s
t
s
adhered t
o
PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008,
w
hich
o
ffer
s
s
tandardi
z
ed pr
o
cedure
s
f
o
r
a
ss
e
ss
ing vi
s
ible and
o
lfact
o
r
y
change
s
in
w
ater cau
s
ed b
y
c
o
ntact
w
ith
s
y
nthetic
material
s
.
The
s
e parameter
s
are am
o
ng the
fir
s
t t
o
be n
o
ticed b
y
c
o
n
s
umer
s
and can
act a
s
earl
y
s
ign
s
o
f material degradati
o
n
o
r in
s
tabilit
y.
b
.
M
etal
M
igrati
o
n
Since certain metallic element
s
can
leach fr
o
m pipe lining
s
, the inve
s
tigati
o
n
included the migrati
o
n
o
f aluminum (
A
l),
lead (Pb), and chr
o
mium (Cr)
.
The
s
e metal
s
are particularl
y
imp
o
rtant becau
s
e the
y
are
o
ften f
o
und in c
o
n
s
tructi
o
n material
s
o
r
a
s
catal
y
tic re
s
idue
s
in p
o
l
y
mer pr
o
duc-
ti
o
n
.
E
levated level
s
can p
o
s
e
s
eri
o
u
s
health ri
s
k
s
, e
s
peciall
y
w
ith l
o
ng-term e
x
-
p
o
s
ure
.
Te
s
ting f
o
ll
ow
ed the pr
o
t
o
c
o
l
o
ut-
lined in PN-
E
N 12873-1
:
2014,
w
hich de-
fine
s
pr
o
cedure
s
f
o
r migrati
o
n te
s
ting fr
o
m
n
o
n-metallic material
s
int
o
w
ater under
s
pecified c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
R
e
s
ult
s
w
ere c
o
m-
pared again
s
t P
o
li
s
h
M
ini
s
tr
y
o
f Health
regulati
o
n
s
and
E
U
D
irective 2020/2184
o
n the qualit
y
o
f
w
ater intended f
o
r human
c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
[
11
].
c
.
O
rganic C
o
mp
o
und
R
elea
s
e
T
o
evaluate the chemical
s
tabilit
y
o
f the
p
o
l
y
urea matri
x
reinf
o
rced
w
ith ba
s
alt fi-
bre
s
, te
s
t
s
al
s
o
targeted
o
rganic
s
ub
s
tance
s
s
uch a
s
primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
(P
AA
s
)
and t
o
tal
o
rganic carb
o
n (T
O
C)
.
P
AA
s
are
particularl
y
c
o
ncerning becau
s
e the
y
can
f
o
rm during inc
o
mplete p
o
l
y
meri
z
ati
o
n
o
r
degradati
o
n
o
f i
s
o
c
y
anate-ba
s
ed re
s
in
s
.
T
O
C, mean
w
hile, pr
o
vide
s
a br
o
ad mea-
s
ure
o
f
o
rganic matter pre
s
ent in the
w
ater,
acting a
s
an indicat
o
r
o
f
s
urface reactivit
y
o
r
the relea
s
e
o
f l
ow
-m
o
lecular-
w
eight c
o
m-
p
o
und
s
.
The
s
e te
s
t
s
w
ere al
s
o
c
o
nducted in
acc
o
rdance
w
ith PN-
E
N 12873-1, under
s
tatic c
o
nditi
o
n
s
at three temperature
s
–
23°C, 60°C, and 85°C
–
t
o
s
imulate t
y
pi-
cal u
s
e, elevated
s
ervice c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, and
e
x
treme
s
cenari
o
s
, re
s
pectivel
y.
E
ach tem-
perature te
s
t included duplicate
s
ample
s
and a blan
k
(unc
o
ated c
o
ntr
o
l) t
o
i
s
o
late the
effect
o
f the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N material
.
Ex
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
s
w
ere adju
s
ted t
o
adhere t
o
the n
o
rm
s
’
s
pecificati
o
n
s
f
o
r
each temperature range
.
F
o
r e
x
ample, at
23°C, l
o
nger e
x
p
o
s
ure time
s
w
ere u
s
ed t
o
s
imulate
s
tagnati
o
n
o
ver time,
w
hile higher
temperature
s
inv
o
lved
s
h
o
rter c
o
ntact peri-
o
d
s
due t
o
fa
s
ter migrati
o
n
k
inetic
s
.
2
.
M
icr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical Stabilit
y
A
ss
e
ss
ment
B
e
s
ide
s
chemical interacti
o
n
s
, the p
o
-
tential f
o
r micr
o
bial gr
ow
th
w
a
s
evaluated
t
o
s
ee if the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N lining c
o
uld
s
up-
p
o
rt bi
o
film devel
o
pment
o
r bacterial e
x
-
pan
s
i
o
n
.
Thi
s
i
s
imp
o
rtant becau
s
e
s
o
me
material
s
ma
y
create
s
urface c
o
nditi
o
n
s
–
s
uch a
s
r
o
ughne
ss
, nutrient acce
ss
,
o
r h
y
-
dr
o
ph
o
bicit
y
–
that pr
o
m
o
te bacterial ad-
he
s
i
o
n and gr
ow
th
.
a
.
M
eth
o
d
o
l
o
g
y:
M
ean
D
i
ss
o
lved
Ox
-
y
gen
D
epleti
o
n (
M
D
O
D
)
M
icr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
tabilit
y
w
a
s
evaluated u
s
ing the
M
D
O
D
meth
o
d,a
ss
pecifiedinPN-
E
N
16421
:
2015-1
.
The ba
s
ic principle
o
f thi
s
meth
o
d i
s
s
imple
y
et effective
:
micr
oo
rgan-
i
s
m
s
need
o
x
y
gen t
o
gr
ow
and metab
o
li
z
e
.
I
f the te
s
t material
s
upp
o
rt
s
micr
o
bial activ-
it
y
, it
w
ill cau
s
e a mea
s
urable decrea
s
e in
the
w
ater’
s
di
ss
o
lved
o
x
y
gen c
o
ntent
.
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N-c
o
ated gla
ss
plate
s
w
ere
s
ub-
merged in
s
terili
z
ed
w
ater under c
o
ntr
o
lled
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, and
o
x
y
gen level
s
w
ere m
o
ni-
t
o
red
o
ver a
s
et incubati
o
n peri
o
d
.
The re-
s
ult
s
w
ere c
o
mpared t
o
b
o
th a negative
c
o
ntr
o
l (gla
ss
)
–
w
hich i
s
a n
o
n-reactive,
n
o
n-
s
upp
o
rtive
s
urface
–
and a p
o
s
itive
c
o
ntr
o
l (paraffin),
k
n
ow
n t
o
pr
o
m
o
te micr
o
-
bial gr
ow
th
.
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N
w
a
s
deemed mi-
cr
o
bi
o
l
o
gicall
y
inert if the reducti
o
n in
o
x
y
-
gen level
s
did n
o
t
s
ignificantl
y
s
urpa
ss
that
o
f the negative c
o
ntr
o
l
.
Thi
s
indirect mea-
s
urement appr
o
ach i
s
w
idel
y
accepted in
material te
s
ting, pr
o
viding a quantifiable
and repr
o
ducible mea
s
ure
o
f micr
o
bial
c
o
mpatibilit
y
w
ith
o
ut rel
y
ing
o
n culturing
o
r
s
pecie
s
identificati
o
n
.
b
.
Sample Preparati
o
n
A
ll te
s
t
s
pecimen
s
w
ere prepared u
s
ing
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N applied t
o
gla
ss
plate
s
,
w
hich
pr
o
vide a chemicall
y
inert and dimen
s
i
o
n-
all
y
s
table
s
ub
s
trate
.
A
lth
o
ugh thi
s
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
e
x
actl
y
replicate the r
o
ughne
ss
o
r p
o
r
o
s
it
y
o
f real pipeline
s
urface
s
, it
s
erve
s
a
s
a
s
tandardi
z
ed medium f
o
r evaluating mi-
grati
o
n and micr
o
bial adhe
s
i
o
n in a repr
o
-
ducible
w
a
y.
Surface area-t
o
-v
o
lume ra-
ti
o
s
w
ere calculated f
o
ll
ow
ing the n
o
rma-
tive requirement
s
, en
s
uring c
o
mparabilit
y
acr
o
ss
s
ample
s
and reducing variabilit
y
in
e
x
p
o
s
ure c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
Thi
s
s
tructured appr
o
ach
–
dividing
chemical and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical evaluati
o
n
s
int
o
targeted, mea
s
urable categ
o
rie
s
–
give
s
a clear anal
y
tical frame
wo
r
k
f
o
r un-
der
s
tanding h
ow
the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N lining
perf
o
rm
s
in relati
o
n t
o
w
ater qualit
y.
The
u
s
e
o
f e
s
tabli
s
hed
E
ur
o
pean
s
tandard
s
en
s
ure
s
that re
s
ult
s
are b
o
th
s
cientificall
y
valid and c
o
mpliant
w
ith regulati
o
n
s
,
w
hile
the dual f
o
cu
s
o
n immediate and l
o
ng-term
s
afet
y
pr
o
vide
s
a
s
tr
o
ng ba
s
i
s
f
o
r real-
wo
rld applicati
o
n
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
The c
o
nducted lab
o
rat
o
r
y
te
s
t
s
aimed
t
o
evaluate the p
o
tential impact
o
f the
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite
o
n the chemical
and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical qualit
y
o
f drin
k
ing
w
ater
.
The a
ss
e
ss
ment
w
a
s
carried
o
ut in
acc
o
rdance
w
ith relevant
E
ur
o
pean
s
tan-
dard
s
, u
s
ing a
s
tructured
s
et
o
f anal
y
s
e
s
t
o
determine b
o
th
o
rgan
o
leptic and chemical
s
afet
y
, a
s
w
ell a
s
micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
tabilit
y
,
under c
o
ntr
o
lled c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
The re
s
ult
s
are
pre
s
ented in t
wo
main
s
ub
s
ecti
o
n
s
, each
f
o
cu
s
ing
o
n a di
s
tinct a
s
pect
o
f material
perf
o
rmance
.
M
i
g
r
a
t
i
on
t
e
st
T
o
a
ss
e
ss
the chemical
s
afet
y
o
f the
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite
w
hen in c
o
ntact
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater, a
s
erie
s
o
f migrati
o
n
te
s
t
s
w
ere perf
o
rmed in acc
o
rdance
w
ith
E
ur
o
pean
s
tandard
s
PN-
E
N 14395-
1
:
2008 and PN-
E
N 12873-1
:
2014
.
The
s
e
te
s
t
s
aimed t
o
evaluate the p
o
ss
ible relea
s
e
o
f
s
ub
s
tance
s
fr
o
m the material int
o
w
ater
under
s
imulated
o
perati
o
nal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
,
including temperature variati
o
n
s
and e
x
-
tended e
x
p
o
s
ure durati
o
n
s
.
The migrati
o
n
e
x
periment
s
w
ere c
o
nducted u
s
ing
s
tan-
dardi
z
ed te
s
t pr
o
cedure
s
that replicate
b
o
th
s
h
o
rt-term and l
o
ng-term c
o
ntact be-
t
w
een the internal
s
urface
s
o
f
w
ater di
s
tri-
buti
o
n
s
y
s
tem
s
and the te
s
ted material
.
The
s
tud
y
w
a
s
c
o
nducted at three dif-
ferent temperature
s
t
o
s
imulate real-
wo
rld
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
in c
o
ld,
w
arm, and h
o
t
w
ater
s
y
s
tem
s
:
23
±
2°C (ambient/c
o
ld
w
ater),
60
±
2°C (
w
arm
w
ater), and 85
±
2°C
(h
o
t
w
ater)
.
F
o
r each temperature, three
migrati
o
n peri
o
d
s
w
ere te
s
ted t
o
o
b
s
erve
h
ow
s
ub
s
tance
s
are relea
s
ed
o
ver time
.
The durati
o
n
s
w
ere 72 h
o
ur
s
f
o
r c
o
ld
w
ater
and 24 h
o
ur
s
f
o
r
w
arm and h
o
t
w
ater
.
I
n
migrati
o
n te
s
ting, drin
k
ing
w
ater
s
ample
s
w
ere placed in c
o
ntact
w
ith
s
tandardi
z
ed
gla
ss
plate
s
c
o
ated
w
ith the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N
c
o
mp
o
s
ite
.
B
o
th e
x
perimental
s
ample
s
561/2026
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl
W
1
O
r
ga
no
l
ep
t
i
c
p
r
o
pe
r
t
i
e
s
of
w
a
t
e
r
a
f
t
e
r
c
on
t
a
ct w
i
t
h
C
OVE
R
LA
N
The a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f
o
rgan
o
leptic pr
o
p-
ertie
s
w
a
s
c
o
nducted in acc
o
rdance
w
ith
PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008
s
tandard
s
.
The rati
o
o
f
s
urface area t
o
w
ater v
o
lume (S/V)
w
a
s
determined in acc
o
rdance
w
ith the
s
pecific
requirement
s
s
tipulated b
y
each te
s
ting
s
tan-
dard
.
F
o
r the
o
rgan
o
leptic evaluati
o
n (PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008), the S/V rati
o
w
a
s
e
s
-
tabli
s
hed at 1
.
0 dm
‒
, c
o
rre
s
p
o
nding t
o
a
s
ample
s
urface area
o
f 2
.
00 dm
2
in
c
o
ntact
w
ith 2
.
00 dm
3
o
f te
s
t
w
ater
.
F
o
r
chemical migrati
o
n te
s
ting (PN-
E
N 12873-
1
:
2014), a higher S/V rati
o
o
f 5
.
0 dm
‒
1
w
a
s
empl
oy
ed t
o
e
x
pedite p
o
tential leach-
ing, utili
s
ing a
s
urface area
o
f 3
.
00 dm
2
and a
w
ater v
o
lume
o
f 0
.
60 dm
3
.
The
s
e-
lected dimen
s
i
o
n
s
w
ere
w
ithin the t
o
ler-
ance limit
s
pre
s
cribed b
y
the re
s
pective
s
tandard
s
(
±
10
%
f
o
r
s
urface and
±
2
%
f
o
r
v
o
lume)
.
A
cc
o
rdingl
y
, the applied
s
urface-
1
1
and blan
k
c
o
ntr
o
l
s
w
ere anal
y
z
ed in each t
o
-v
o
lume rati
o
(S/V)
w
a
s
1
.
0
[
dm
‒
1
].
The
te
s
t
.
The anal
y
s
i
s
c
o
vered
o
rgan
o
leptic
s
urface-t
o
-v
o
lume (S/V) rati
o
s
u
s
ed align
pr
o
pertie
s
(
o
d
o
r, turbidit
y
, c
o
l
o
r), the pre
s
-
w
ith t
y
pical internal diameter
s
o
f drin
k
ing
ence
o
f metal
s
s
uch a
s
aluminum, lead,
w
ater pipe
s
in municipal
s
y
s
tem
s
.
A
n S/V
cadmium, chr
o
mium, ir
o
n, magne
s
ium, rati
o
o
f 1
.
0 dm
‒
, u
s
ed f
o
r
o
rgan
o
leptic
am
o
ng
o
ther
s
, and
o
rganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
te
s
ting f
o
ll
ow
ing PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008,
including t
o
tal
o
rganic carb
o
n (T
O
C) and indicate
s
medium-diameter pipe
s
(ar
o
und
primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
(P
AA
), a
s
de-
D
N 100
–
150)
.
The higher S/V rati
o
o
f
tailed in Table 1
.
5
.
0 dm
‒
, empl
oy
ed f
o
r accelerated mi-
The re
s
ult
s
enabled a c
o
mpari
s
o
n
w
ith grati
o
n te
s
ting per PN-
E
N 12873-1
:
2014,
the regulat
o
r
y
limit
s
s
et b
y
the
R
egulati
o
n
o
fc
o
rre
s
p
o
nd
s
t
o
s
mall-diameter pipe
s
(ap-
the
M
ini
s
ter
o
f Health
o
f 7
D
ecember 2017pr
o
x
imatel
y
D
N 25
–
50), and i
s
rec
o
m-
o
n the qualit
y
o
f
w
ater f
o
r human c
o
n-mended f
o
r a c
o
n
s
ervative evaluati
o
n
o
f
s
umpti
o
n,
o
ffering an initial a
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f
s
ub
s
tance migrati
o
n
.
Te
s
t
s
ample
s
w
ere
the material’
s
chemical c
o
mpatibilit
y
w
ithgla
ss
plate
s
mea
s
uring 5
×
10 cm, c
o
ated
drin
k
ing
w
ater
s
y
s
tem
s
.
The anal
y
tical
o
n
o
ne
s
ide
w
ith the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
-
meth
o
d
s
li
s
ted in Table 1 are referenced b
y
ite, e
x
p
o
s
ing a t
o
tal
s
urface area
o
f 1
.
0
b
o
th the applicable
s
tandard number anddm
2
.
A
3
.
0 mm
±
1,0 mm thic
k
c
o
ating
the c
o
rre
s
p
o
nding mea
s
urement technique
w
a
s
u
s
ed f
o
r the te
s
t
s
.
E
ach plate
w
a
s
s
ub-
t
o
en
s
ure meth
o
d
o
l
o
gical tran
s
parenc
y.
merged in 1
.
0 dm
3
o
f te
s
t
w
ater
.
D
uplicate
s
ample
s
w
ere te
s
ted in parallel, al
o
ng
w
ith
a blan
k
c
o
ntr
o
l c
o
ntaining the
s
ame
w
ater
w
ith
o
ut c
o
ntact
w
ith the material
.
Three migrati
o
n c
y
cle
s
w
ere c
o
nducted
f
o
r each temperature
s
cenari
o:
23
±
2°C
(c
o
ld
w
ater), 60
±
2°C (
w
arm
w
ater), and
85
±
2°C (h
o
t
w
ater)
.
The c
o
ld
w
ater te
s
t
s
la
s
ted 72 h
o
ur
s
,
w
herea
s
the
w
arm and
h
o
t
w
ater te
s
t
s
w
ere 24 h
o
ur
s
l
o
ng
.
The
parameter
s
mea
s
ured included
o
d
o
ur
(T
O
N), turbidit
y
(NTU), and c
o
l
o
ur (mg
Pt/l), a
s
detailed in Table 2
.
A
t 60
±
2°C and 85
±
2°C,
o
d
o
r in-
crea
s
ed t
o
T
O
N 3
–
4 during the fir
s
t migra-
ti
o
n c
y
cle (n
=
2),
w
hile turbidit
y
and c
o
l
o
r
remained
<
1
.
0 NTU and
<
2
.
5 mg Pt/L, re-
s
pec-tivel
y.
I
n c
y
cle
s
II
–
III
,
o
d
o
r decrea
s
ed
t
o
T
O
N 2 (acceptable)
.
See Table 3 f
o
r
detailed value
s
.
The
s
e tran
s
ient change
s
are c
o
n
s
i
s
tent
w
ith earl
y
-
s
tage c
o
nditi
o
n-
ing
o
f the c
o
ating under elevated tempera-
ture
s
.
T
ab
l
e
3
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
of
o
r
ga
no
l
ep
t
i
c
pa
r
ame
t
e
rs
a
t
60
±
2°C
T
abe
l
a
3
.
Wy
n
i
k
i
bada
ń
pa
r
ame
tr
ó
w
o
r
ga
no
-
l
ep
tyc
z
n
yc
h
w t
empe
r
a
t
u
r
z
e
60
±
2°C
ParameterUnit
B
lan
k
Sample Sample Parame-
s
ample 1 2 tric value
Te
s
t perf
o
rmed at 60
±
2°C
Peri
o
d
I
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2
>
2 (3)
>
2 (3) *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
51 0
.
45 0
.
34
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
P
e
ri
o
d
II
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
33 0
.
29 0
.
45
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
P
e
ri
o
d
III
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
95 0
.
87 0
.
44
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
T
e
st
pe
r
fo
r
med
a
t 85
±
2°C
P
e
ri
o
d
I
Turbidit
y
NTU0
.
42 0
.
32 0
.
48
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
P
e
ri
o
d
II
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
52 0
.
32 0
.
37
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
P
e
ri
o
d
III
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
31 0
.
29 0
.
57
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
urmg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
Ź
r
ó
dł
o:
o
prac
ow
anie
w
ła
s
ne / S
o
urce
:
ow
n elab
o
rati
o
n
The
s
e re
s
ult
s
s
h
ow
that initial e
x
p
o
s
ure
t
o
higher temperature
s
can temp
o
raril
y
change the
w
ater
o
d
o
ur
w
hen in c
o
ntact
w
ith C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N
.
H
ow
ever, pr
o
l
o
nged
c
o
ntact under the
s
ame c
o
nditi
o
n
s
d
o
e
s
n
o
t
s
u
s
tain the
s
e effect
s
.
O
verall, the mate-
rial met all regulat
o
r
y
s
tandard
s
f
o
r turbid-
it
y
and c
o
l
o
ur in all te
s
t c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, and
an
y
o
d
o
ur fluctuati
o
n
s
w
ere brief, return-
ing t
o
acceptable level
s
w
ith c
o
ntinued
e
x
p
o
s
ure
.
T
ab
l
e
1
.
S
c
o
pe
of
a
n
a
l
ys
e
s
pe
r
fo
r
med
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
g
r
a
t
i
on
t
e
sts
T
abe
l
a
1
.
Z
a
k
r
e
s
a
n
a
li
z
p
r
z
ep
r
o
w
ad
z
on
yc
h
w
bada
n
i
a
c
h
m
i
g
r
a
cy
j
n
yc
h
T
ab
l
e
2
.
R
e
s
u
l
ts
of
t
h
e
o
r
ga
no
l
ep
t
i
c
pa
r
ame
t
e
rs
i
n
23
±
2°C
T
abe
l
a
2
.
Wy
n
i
k
i
bada
ń
pa
r
ame
tr
ó
w
o
r
ga
no
-
l
ep
tyc
z
n
yc
h
w t
empe
r
a
t
u
r
z
e
23
±
2°C
ParameterTe
s
t meth
o
dUnit
PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008
O
d
o
urPN-
E
N 1622
:
2006 Sen
s
o
r
y
anal
y
s
i
s
–
thre
s
h
o
ld
o
d
o
ur numberT
O
N
Turbidit
y
PN-
E
N
I
S
O
7027-1
:
2016-09 Nephel
o
metric meth
o
dNTU
C
o
l
o
urPN-
E
N
I
S
O
7887
:
2012
+A
p1
:
2015-06 Spectr
o
ph
o
t
o
metric meth
o
d mg Pt/l
PN-
E
N 12873-1
:
2014
Chr
o
miumPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
A
luminiumPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
CadmiumPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
M
agne
s
iumPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
LeadPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
CalciumPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
I
r
o
nPN-
E
N
I
S
O
17294-2
:
2016-11
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
Silic
o
nPN-
E
N
I
S
O
11885
:
2009
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
TitaniumPN-
E
N
I
S
O
11885
:
2009
I
nductivel
y
C
o
upled Pla
s
ma
s
pectr
o
metr
y
mg/l
T
o
tal
O
rganic Carb
o
n (T
O
C)PN-
E
N 1484
:
1999 High-temperature catal
y
tic c
o
mbu
s
ti
o
n
w
ith N
D
I
R
detecti
o
nmg/l
Primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
(P
AA
) P
B
/PCH-32 dated 01
.
10
.
2018 High-perf
o
rmance liquid chr
o
mat
o
graph
y
mg/l
Ź
r
ó
dł
o:
o
prac
ow
anie
w
ła
s
ne / S
o
urce
:
ow
n elab
o
rati
o
n
O
d
o
urT
O
N
<
2
>
2 (4)
>
2 (4)*
ParameterUnit
B
lan
k
Sample Sample Parametric
s
ample12value
Te
s
t perf
o
rmed at 23
±
2°C
Peri
o
d
I
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
46 0
.
34 0
.
43
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
2
.
5
<
15
.
0
P
e
ri
o
d
II
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU
<
0
.
20
<
0
.
20 0
.
27
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
5 2
.
5 5
.
0
<
15
.
0
P
e
ri
o
d
III
O
d
o
ur T
O
N
<
2 2 2 *
Turbidit
y
NTU 0
.
66 0
.
26 0
.
27
<
1
.
0
C
o
l
o
ur mg Pt/l
<
2
.
55
.
05
.
0
<
15
.
0
Ź
r
ó
dł
o:
o
prac
ow
anie
w
ła
s
ne / S
o
urce
:
ow
n elab
o
rati
o
n
www.
inf
o
rmacjain
s
tal
.
c
o
m
.
pl1/202657
W
o
d
o
c
i
ąg
i
i
k
a
n
a
li
z
a
c
j
a
M
i
g
r
a
t
i
on
of
me
t
a
l
s
a
n
d
o
r
ga
n
i
c
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite d
o
e
s
n
o
t lead t
o
c
o
mp
oun
d
s
mea
s
urable c
o
ntaminati
o
n
o
f drin
k
ing
w
a-
Thi
s
s
ecti
o
n c
o
ncentrate
s
s
o
lel
y
o
n the ter thr
o
ugh the migrati
o
n
o
f metal
s
o
r
o
r-
migrati
o
n re
s
ult
s
at 23
±
2°C,
w
hich mir-ganic c
o
mp
o
und
s
.
r
o
r
s
s
tandard
o
perati
o
nal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
in
municipal drin
k
ing
w
ater
s
y
s
tem
s
.
Thi
s
tem-
C
on
c
l
u
s
i
on
s
a
n
d
P
r
a
ct
i
c
a
l
perature
s
erve
s
a
s
the ba
s
eline f
o
r a
ss
e
ss
-
I
mp
li
c
a
t
i
on
s
ing the chemical c
o
mpatibilit
y
o
f material
s
w
ith c
o
ld
o
r ambient-temperature
w
ater
.
The
s
tud
y
th
o
r
o
ughl
y
a
ss
e
ss
ed the
E
valuati
o
n
s
under the
s
e c
o
nditi
o
n
s
o
ffer chemical and micr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical
s
afet
y
o
f the
the m
o
s
t pertinent under
s
tanding
o
f the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite
w
hen in c
o
ntact
t
y
pical behavi
o
ur
o
f the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
m-
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater
.
Te
s
t
s
w
ere c
o
nducted
p
o
s
ite in real-
wo
rld
s
cenari
o
s
.
in c
o
ntr
o
lled lab
o
rat
o
r
y
s
etting
s
f
o
ll
ow
ing
M
igrati
o
n te
s
t
s
w
ere carried
o
ut ac-
E
ur
o
pean
s
tandard
s
PN-
E
N 12873-
c
o
rding t
o
PN-
E
N 12873-1
:
2014, u
s
ing 1
:
2014, PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008, and PN-
s
tandardi
s
ed gla
ss
plate
s
c
o
ated
w
ith the
E
N 16421
:
2015-1
.
The finding
s
s
h
ow
that
C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
ite at a
s
urface-t
o
- at t
y
pical drin
k
ing
w
ater temperature
s
v
o
lume rati
o
(S/V)
o
f 5
.
0
[
dm
–
1
].
Water (ar
o
und 23
±
2°C), the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N ma-
s
ample
s
w
ere in c
o
ntact
w
ith the material terial d
o
e
s
n
o
t e
x
ceed an
y
o
rgan
o
leptic
o
r
f
o
r 72 h
o
ur
s
,
s
imulating a c
o
n
s
ervative chemical limit
s
.
F
o
r m
o
s
t
o
f mea
s
urement
s
s
cenari
o
o
f
s
tagnant c
o
ntact
.
E
ach mea- f
o
r metal
s
s
ta
y
ed
w
ell
w
ithin regulat
o
r
y
s
urement
w
a
s
perf
o
rmed al
o
ng
s
ide a blan
k
limit
s
,
w
ith n
o
harmful
s
ub
s
tance
s
detected
(c
o
ntr
o
l)
s
ample t
o
acc
o
unt f
o
r bac
k
gr
o
undmigrating int
o
the
w
ater
.
level
s
.
D
uring all three migrati
o
n peri
o
d
s
atN
o
primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
(P
AA
s
)
23
±
2°C, n
o
ne
o
f the te
s
ted metal
s
–
s
uch
w
ere detected during an
y
te
s
ting pha
s
e
o
r
a
s
aluminium, chr
o
mium, cadmium, lead, temperature range, thereb
y
c
o
nfirming that
ir
o
n, magne
s
ium, calcium,
s
ilic
o
n, and tita- n
o
ar
o
matic amine
s
are emitted even un-
nium
–
w
ere detected ab
o
ve their quantifi- der elevated thermal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
cati
o
n limit
s
.
A
dditi
o
nall
y
, all re
s
ult
s
w
ere N
o
nethele
ss
, the
s
e re
s
ult
s
are c
o
n
s
erva-
s
ignificantl
y
bel
ow
the parametric limit
s
s
et tive, li
k
el
y
affected b
y
the u
s
e
o
f a n
o
n-
b
y
the P
o
li
s
h
R
egulati
o
n
o
f the
M
ini
s
ter
o
f
s
tandard gla
ss
s
ub
s
trate and e
x
treme te
s
ting
Health f
o
r
w
ater qualit
y
f
o
r human c
o
n- c
o
nditi
o
n
s
s
uch a
s
high
s
urface-t
o
-v
o
lume
s
umpti
o
n
.
M
o
s
t anal
y
te
s
c
o
n
s
i
s
tentl
y
re- rati
o
s
and
s
tagnant
w
ater,
w
hich d
o
n
o
t ac-
mained bel
ow
the detecti
o
n limit in b
o
th te
s
t curatel
y
reflect real-
wo
rld
s
cenari
o
s
.
I
mp
o
r-
and c
o
ntr
o
l
s
ample
s
.
tantl
y
, aluminium level
s
remained
w
ithin
N
o
primar
y
ar
o
matic amine
s
(P
AA
s
)
s
afe limit
s
acr
o
ss
all temperature c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
w
ere detected in an
y
te
s
t peri
o
d
o
r tem-
M
icr
o
bi
o
l
o
gical te
s
ting u
s
ing mean
perature range (detecti
o
n limit 0
.
001 di
ss
o
lved
o
x
y
gen depleti
o
n (
M
D
O
D
) c
o
n-
mg/L), c
o
nfirming the ab
s
ence
o
f ar
o
matic firmed that C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N d
o
e
s
n
o
t enc
o
ur-
amine relea
s
e even under elevated ther- age bi
o
film f
o
rmati
o
n and i
s
n
o
t fav
o
rable
mal c
o
nditi
o
n
s
.
T
o
tal
o
rganic carb
o
n level
s
f
o
r micr
o
bial gr
ow
th
.
Thi
s
i
s
an imp
o
rtant
w
ere c
o
n
s
i
s
tentl
y
l
ow
, ranging fr
o
m 0
.
97 c
o
n
s
iderati
o
n
w
hen evaluating the h
y
-
t
o
1
.
3 mg/L in the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N-e
x
p
o
s
ed gienic
s
uitabilit
y
o
f material
s
that c
o
me int
o
s
ample
s
,
w
hile in the blan
k
s
ample
s
, the
y
c
o
ntact
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater
.
w
ere bet
w
een 0
.
38 and 0
.
60 mg/L
.
F
uture re
s
earch c
o
uld inve
s
tigate the
The
s
e finding
s
dem
o
n
s
trate that, under l
o
ng-term perf
o
rmance
o
f the material at
t
y
pical di
s
tributi
o
n net
wo
r
k
c
o
nditi
o
n
s
, the elevated temperature
s
, particularl
y
ab
o
ve
85°C,
w
hich ma
y
be imp
o
rtant in certain
technical
o
r indu
s
trial c
o
nte
x
t
s
.
M
o
re
o
ver,
perf
o
rming large-
s
cale te
s
t
s
w
ith real pipe-
line
s
egment
s
in
s
tead
o
f gla
ss
plate
s
wo
uld
y
ield m
o
re practical in
s
ight
s
int
o
h
ow
the
material behave
s
in d
y
namic, full-
s
cale
s
etup
s
.
The
s
e
s
tudie
s
wo
uld help c
o
nfirm
the lab
o
rat
o
r
y
re
s
ult
s
and
s
upp
o
rt the ma-
terial’
s
p
o
tential f
o
r
w
ide
s
pread u
s
e in
drin
k
ing
w
ater infra
s
tructure
.
I
n
s
ummar
y
, the C
O
V
E
R
L
A
N c
o
mp
o
s
-
ite dem
o
n
s
trate
s
chemical and micr
o
bi
o
-
l
o
gical
s
afet
y
under repre
s
entative c
o
ndi-
ti
o
n
s
,
s
h
ow
ing n
o
p
o
tential f
o
r adver
s
e ef-
fect
s
o
n
w
ater qualit
y.
The re
s
ult
s
s
upp
o
rt it
s
applicabilit
y
f
o
r internal pipeline c
o
ating in
p
o
table
w
ater
s
y
s
tem
s
.
B
I
B
L
I
O
G
R
A
P H
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n
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ater qualit
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reinf
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rcement f
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r p
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l
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urea c
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mp
o
s
ite
s
pra
y
c
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ating
s
w
ith impr
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ved therm
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mechanical
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ta-
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PN-
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M
igrati
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o
f
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ub
s
tanc-
e
s
fr
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m material
s
in c
o
ntact
w
ith drin
k
ing
w
ater
–
Part 1
:
Te
s
t meth
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d f
o
r n
o
n-metallic material
s
.
[
7
]
PN-
E
N 14395-1
:
2008,
A
ss
e
ss
ment
o
f
o
rgan-
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leptic pr
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pertie
s
o
f
w
ater in c
o
ntact
w
ith
o
rganic material
s
.
[
8
]
PN-
E
N 16421
:
2015-1,
I
nfluence
o
f material
s
o
n
w
ater intended f
o
r human c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n
–
D
eterminati
o
n
o
f the gr
ow
th p
o
tential
o
f micr
o
-
o
rgani
s
m
s
o
n material
s
–
Part 1
:
G
eneral
meth
o
d u
s
ing the bi
o
film f
o
rmati
o
n p
o
tential
(
BF
P) appr
o
ach
.
[
9
]
S
z
c
z
o
t
ko
M
.
, et al
.:
Wdr
o
ż
enie met
o
d
y
bada
w
c
z
ej d
o
o
cen
y
materiał
ów
pr
z
e
z
nac-
z
o
n
y
ch d
o
ko
nta
k
tu
z
wo
dą
w
z
a
k
re
s
ie ich
p
o
datn
o
ś
ci na p
ow
s
ta
w
anie bi
o
filmu,
z
g
o
dnej
z
E
N 16421
:
2014
.
I
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s
tal, 2021, nr 12,
s
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52;
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2021
.
12
.
7
[
10
]
R
a
k
J
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, et al
.:
Pr
o
blemat
yk
a nie
z
a
wo
dn
o
ś
ci
i be
z
piec
z
eń
s
t
w
a
s
y
s
tem
ów
wo
d
o
ciąg
owy
ch
w
ś
w
ietle
z
mian pr
z
epi
s
ów
Unii
E
ur
o
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.
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]
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egulati
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n
o
f the
M
ini
s
ter
o
f Health
o
f 7
D
ecember 2017
o
n the qualit
y
o
f
w
ater intend-
ed f
o
r human c
o
n
s
umpti
o
n (J
o
urnal
o
f La
w
s
,
item 2294) in c
o
njuncti
o
n
w
ith
A
rticle 12(2)
o
f
the
A
ct
o
f 7 June 2001
o
n C
o
llective Water
Suppl
y
and C
o
llective Se
w
age
D
i
s
charge
(J
o
urnal
o
f La
w
s
2019, item 1437)
.
[
12
]
PN-
E
N
I
S
O
178
:
2019, Pla
s
tic
s
–
D
eterminati
o
n
o
f fle
x
ural pr
o
pertie
s
.
n
T
ab
l
e
4
.
S
c
o
pe
of
a
n
a
l
ys
e
s
pe
r
fo
r
med
w
i
t
h
i
n
t
h
e
m
i
g
r
a
t
i
on
t
e
sts
of
me
t
a
l
s
T
abe
l
a
4
.
Z
a
k
r
e
s
a
n
a
li
z
p
r
z
ep
r
o
w
ad
z
on
yc
h
w
bada
n
i
a
c
h
m
i
g
r
a
c
ji
me
t
a
li
Sub
s
tanceUnit
B
lan
k
Sample (range) Sample 1 (range) Sample 2 (range) Parametric Value
Chr
o
mium mg/L
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
050
A
luminium mg/L
<
0
.
0050
<
0
.
0050
<
0
.
0050
<
0
.
20
Cadmium mg/L
<
0
.
00020
<
0
.
00020
<
0
.
00020
<
0
.
0050
M
agne
s
iummg/L
<
0
.
50
<
0
.
50
<
0
.
50-
Leadmg/L
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
010
Calciummg/L
<
2
.
0
<
2
.
0
<
2
.
0-
I
r
o
nmg/L
<
0
.
010
<
0
.
010
<
0
.
010
<
0
.
20
Silic
o
n mg/L
<
0
.
20
<
0
.
20
<
0
.
20 -
Titanium mg/L
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
0010
<
0
.
0010 -
T
O
C mg/L 0
.
27
–
0
.
60 0
.
97
–
1
.
3 1
.
1
–
1
.
3 -
P
AA
mg/L
<
0
.
10
<
0
.
10
<
0
.
10 -
Ź
r
ó
dł
o:
o
prac
ow
anie
w
ła
s
ne / S
o
urce
:
ow
n elab
o
rati
o
n